is reported in this curioesen history, adopted in which arrangements of the Great Elector in Berlin because of a deceased Konigsberg students in 1667 has as its debts were not paid and how it a piece of family destiny and can be history rolled up.
The student is Christoph von Bergen . He is from the village Wild Itten Caymen in Samland in office and died there as well, as it says " for Christmas" when he wanted to get the money from your home to pay off the overdue debt. It sounds almost to a design for a gruesome historical criminal case. Let us now take a closer look: in the places of events, the families involved, the historical circumstances ... What give her the files? What I find happiness has been allotted to the State Archives?
If you drive the road from Kaliningrad to the northeast after Labiau, has wild Itten, if you turn about 20 kilometers to the village Nautzken right. After a few 100 meters towards the land route through wild Caymen Itten.
Today, from the small town have nothing recognizable. But at that time, 340 years ago now, there have been wild Itten 2 courtyards. The two courts are far sogn into modern times. cöllmische possessions have been. Cöllmer are actually owners of their farms, pay low taxes or other taxes, and few have originally had the duty, in the event of war, depending on the size of the possession to make well-defined services. Such owners are mentioned in Prussia Cöllmer because the status of ownership of Sogn. culmisches right back, which in medieval times in a of the first towns founded the Order, in Culm, was defined in documents. Occasionally one reads in documents and official papers the term as a synonym for Freyer or Freisaße Cöllmer.
Those military service who were often associated in medieval times with the religious interests are, in modern times, yet hardly required. The government official working for the country men have often tried to impose the duties and responsibilities as other Cöllmern substitute for the more usual military service, which has provoked indignant protests regularly. The protests have not always been successful, so that the privileged status in the Cöllmer many cases in the vicinity of ordinary peasants sank. With farmers in what was then called the owner usage of land, their land and the buildings but have received only to farming, ie not even own them. Often these is the management and Sogn. Stocking been made available. This equipment, livestock, seeds and the like are meant. For the livelihood of the farmers have had very high taxes to impose. They also had to provide services to other lands of the landowner, so-called host plant. In contrast to the Cöllmern Freyer and the unfree peasants and their assigned soil have been bound with the host network services. In return they can expect from their landlords the power of caring responsibilities in fire disaster or crop failure. The status of the employed farmers will only change the Prussian reforms after 1807th
Back to Wild Itten: in 1667 in the family of mountains in court had a size of 4 Huben, equivalent to current levels around 65 hectares. The first written reference to this property dated in 1528. I found them in Sogn. "Green House book" of the Office Schaaken. This book is a kind of land register and the oldest of its kind in office Schaaken. It is stated in the original:
>> From God we Genade Albrecht Marggraff to Brandenburg in Prussia Stettin Pomerania the Cassuben and contact Hertzogk Burggraff to Nurnbergk and Prince of Rügen confession and do kunt for our view strengthen our heirs and descendants gene Idermennigklich Diss our Letter from, lend habenn the vorschriben we vorlihen and and verschreyben unsernn Liebner dare Merten of mountains his inherit marital and nachkomlingen six sit in box located to Wiltitten wysen At Acker slippers weldenn and Prucher As them from our ancestors seindt beweyset frey of lehenden and peurlicher work Magdeburg right hereditary and possess Ewigklichen Darzu we give dreyßick margk defense money from Sunderland genadenn verleyhen us before the genanten Merten his inherit right to marriage and two great unnd nachkomlingen the courts within its small grentzen and street court about his Leuthe Ausgenumen we prepare ourselves our heirs and descendants for behaltenn. Mod Disser mortgaging and gifted sake of such Offtgenante Merten & inherit his service to his right and nachkomlinge verbundenn gewohnhayt myt pfferd and mith armor After disses the country to all Herfartenn & Lanthwehren to break to build new Heuser old and wan as thick bessernn and be required where si and do all the sunst Ihen what their vorfahrenn done by age myt habenn true lichen and approximately urkundt to give our hedgehog Annex ends Inge besigelt unnd to Kennigskspergk On the day Mattei xv untzwantzigsten C and eight years. << to the text have been noted: " this Hantfest is i [h] m was abhendig, has a new is datiret ao 1558 "
This prescription is remarkable in several respects:
are Sogn as a unit. Hook [in the original Crouching] called. This unit features always original Old Prussian possession. 1 hook corresponded to 20 acres, while the usual unit contained hides and hooves, 30 acres. The Hakenmaß goes back to the Old Prussian used by the indigenous people plow with which we managed to plow less has, as with the share plow, which was introduced by the colonists from the West in Prussia. The above-mentioned 6 hooks correspond exactly 4 Huben.
to the Old Prussian square measure fits the awarding of defense money. Especially in the Samland earned Prussians got very early land ownership and status of the Order of State accepted as binding. Only country in prescriptions for Prussians, there has been the awarding of defense money. I am still not clear exactly how matters stand, it has it. I think it is simply a cash payment for the authorities to ensure that the person named itself bold in accordance with its obligations equip. But in works is to read it related to a sum which would be paid in homicides, to counteract the blood feuds and vigilante justice.
Another feature shows up here, "the two great dishes unnd small grentzen within his court and road on his Leuthe Ausgenumen we prepare ourselves our heirs and descendants for behaltenn." Usually, cöllmische goods do not get the privilege of its own jurisdiction. It is normally only awarded noble possessions.
"When they possess them by our ancestors seindt beweyset frey of lehenden and peurlicher work Magdeburg right hereditary and Ewigklichen." Free from other Lehensverplichtungen and most importantly, free of peasant labor is here given the country. Moreover, the formulation "as they beweyset them our ancestors seindt" the conclusion that it is not about a new acquisition, but a subsequent re-securitization of already existing long tenure. The large number of all-find prescriptions after 1525 can infer that were well represented, particularly after the changing of the Order of the Duchy of many existing state ownership in old Prussia again. It is worth noting at this prescription, that is spoken with no word of charges and tax benefits, which otherwise cöllmischen in any conventional prescription, if is only slightly, but still named exactly!
"... service to be verbundenn myt pfferd and mith armor disses national gewohnhayt After all Herfartenn & Lanthwehren wan to break to build new and old Heuser bessernn as thick and are required where si and all the sunst Ihen do what habenn vorfahrenn done by their age ... "So it is usually in the prescribing of cöllmischen goods. The only obligation to the state government appear to have been by horse and harness in case of war (you can also assign and send someone else). Larger goods had to put with several men, if given or . Sogn Warpenwagen to hand. The other thing to help in time of peace in the country's government buildings, to present transit services and the like. This was usually only in nearby palaces and official buildings, in this case for the territory of the Office Caymen.
The status of the property seems extraordinary reasons stated above, somehow suspended between aristocratic and bourgeois "cöllmischen Flown characteristics, seasoned with Old Prussian features. The above is contrary to the usual prescription for Prussians issued certificates by the predicate "to magdebugischen rights." Old Prussian inheritance rights can be only to sons. Daughters can at best only the possession or use it for life, but do not pass on. Possession without a male heir forfeited to the state rule is "Caduc" can be "caduciret" as stated in the language of the time. Magdeburg rights usually include an inheritance "to beyden children," to sons and daughters, what is missing in this prescription, however.
I assume that that Merten of mountains 1528 by the then Duke Albrecht of Prussia for his ancestral estate since ancient times in wild Itten receives a new prescription. Originally, it was certainly for land, which may have been in possession from Prussian (with Prussians here are the original inhabitants of the land of Prussia meant). The family of mountains but receives rights securitized, the only other noble families to come and go beyond the Old Prussian cöllmischen rights or unusual extent.
What's even more of evidence and documents in the wild mountains of Itten?
In the Office Caymen Praestationstabelle No.2 of 1780 a court day will be recorded. Judgement Day in particular were also held and a new beginning to the end of a term of office of the mayor, to resolve any unclear and contentious relationships, but also to the inhabitants of the Office opportunity to give, any action against the bailiff put forward, which would probably not led to any extension of service of that officer.
on the Judiciary on 24 July 1779 protocol will be profiled 10 contested cases, where it mostly to ordering a lawful use of land is. One of the cases was in originally by Berg's possession:
>> The Cöllmische Einsaaße Friedrich Siegmund Thiel , owner of the Guth's Wild Itten, shew, it's like he owned 5 acres of pasture which bey Duhnau in that SchaarwercksBruch are and what He no prescription, unless the beygefundene sub.B in Copia Attestat have, which, though not an original Sey, the thing does not define exactly, but as he and his ancestors had that bit of grass over a hundred years of ownership, he hoped to get the prescription, like all official Schultzen dasiger area testify to him one, that this possession was wild Itten since time immemorial bey . The above-mentioned << Copia B contains the following: get
>> After deme located to the Kruger Mettckeim plug and Assmann Hintz Duhnau to a meadow to the Duhnau Albrecht of Grandfather Mountain in mortgage, but half of Albrecht Ao's father allbereit [15] 81, Assmann Hintze eingelöset 13 bushels of corn, keep the other half to the Kruger dahero Mettckeim to the fold that of mountain hiking trails Albrecht when she deme belongs, carried bedencken to have longer be in pledge, to the Kruger Mettckeim and Albrecht von mountains, so that is tolerated;
It should Albrecht give tailing the Kruger to Mettckeim at future Fall 15 bushels of rye for seed, however, he wants him now soon give the grass and such to use to his best have been handed, as even the Kruger is said to have laughed Mettckeim ears to a pamphlet about this area and thought his report to, as is hereby same as they continue would be found, shall be and cassiret the Kruger or his heirs would not, this script anyone Parte one mitgetheilet under official seal.
Actum Schaack the 5th of May 1602, (LS) Martin Wittenberg clerk <<
This genealogically revealing document we now know that in 1602 already 3 generations after the other grandfather, father and son named Albert of mountains, where on the estate in 1779 and that game Itten has a Friedrich Sigmund Thiel as the legal successor of which is sitting on mountains of Wild Itten and claimed ownership of those in grasslands Duhnau.
What then happens to the student Christoph von Bergen? As the property came in a wild Itten Thiel? Is it possible to reconstruct all this for?
put an order in 1647, the church register records for the Church in Caymen. The entries of the first years are often inaccurate, difficult to decipher and genealogical associate with difficulty or not at all sure. There are no data on mothers, baptized only the fathers, marriage register there in the early years and not in the death register, it is often only tersely: bury the Thorun from Senseln (but which one - there were several branches of the family of that name). Only at the end of the 17th Century the entries are clear, but not always.
But then we still have my special act find the ominous Studiosus Christoph von Bergen. Let's now in the papers of 1667:
Since an Electoral Brandenburg-Prussian Bottenmeister Canzleyverwandter named Johann Conradt and reported to his prince:
" It had Christoff of mountains ... 19 Augusti 1661 300 mk ao ready money from me one years auff Leaning and a pledge to be located in Caymischen Freyguth Wild Itten prescribed, All the dimensions besaget beyliegende Copia obligationis;
After now such year was umb, I may have done the same the auff notice, but not because of the intervened very nutrient solution time can be befriediget but bey zuhaben still patience ersuchet been; NEGST-verwichene Christmas but had said made by mountains set had to content Irishman me, wherefore he traveled after his Guthe which to purchase medium, but when he got there, he had been the highest God soon Upon this from this müheseeligkeit apart, so her brothers were widow and children heritage bemelten Guthrie;
Now I Although of the same empty promises given me zubefriedigen auff soon as possible, must yet dabey are concerned that at instead, thanks to pay insonderheit stretcher because I have no Consens about me dörffte all kinds are gemachet wiederwärtigkeit;
Requesting therefore Churfürstl adults. Unterthgst Highness. obedient to you, you deign bemeltes [= bemeldetes, that is called] low fullscall diagram gngst not alone. to maintain acceptable, but also the obligation in such gnst. confirmiren to that in genesis Baarer pay me to tell me that are so high as the Capitahl and interest from the träget make a pledge with prescribed should pay, "
Unfortunately, this letter is not dated. We know, therefore, not sure what year the Christmas Studiosus Christoph von Bergen in wild Itten died. The years 1663-66 come into question, because in April 1667, the electoral authorities led to the letter of Johann Conradt following:
>> Lbgetr. [True-love] We have to live out Christ offs of Bergen UNSS right to the death of his fief to a completed game Itten unßren gnst Fisci advocate for investigation. commanded; Thus shall be given to you UNSS gn [ädig] ster befehlich that her uff above have 5 of your ... ... next to those Ambtsgeschwornen Nyss Petersen and Friedrich Christoff Perbandt which ALSS most knowledge creates the kind (?) to bey UNSS AP indicate Oberrath room and expect further instructions on befehlich; Since no one else at the LehensVolge we ALSS are reports that einnige cousins supposition to indicate this cause, where wolter praetendirn, seind the same uff also refer to same-day arrived here, the 2 . Ao Aprilis 1667 <<
check is allowed, whether the state could have no sovereignty claims to the estate in order to satisfy servants, who can expect outstanding reward of their prince. In addition, there are probably still cousins of the deceased Christoff, which possess also like to inheritance. The above-mentioned Nyss Petersen [actually Peterso (h) n], with the Perbandt to report to the Council Chamber of the Prussian Upper in Konigsberg on the circumstances, has 12 years later (1679) a daughter of the family of Bergen. Nyss Peter son came in 1628 with Dietrich von Oehlsen, a Polish and Swedish Lord Marshal Major in the wake of the Swedish-Polish war of succession of Holstein to Prussia since 1640 and lives on a private estate in the parish Sielkeim Caymen. The Petersons live in Samland and 1945 and have branched into it in many old-established families. But then again that would be another story ...
off in May 1667, the government in Berlin with one of Elector Friedrich Wilhelm (1620-88) even in the case, a signed letter:
>> By God grace Marggraf Friderich Wilhelm of Brandenburg, and elector of Heil.Röm.Reichs ErzCämmerer, in Prussia, of Magdeburg, Jülich, Cleve, mountains, Stettin, Pomerania, p. Herzog p. our men-friendly services and gracious Gruess before, highborn Prince, friendly Oheimb Dear faithful, too noble counselors and love, whatever form our
Prussian Bottenmeister and Canzleyverwandter Johan Conradt Confirmation of an obligation of 300 Mk umb he Christof von Bergen 19 Aug. 1661 to be a pledge-prescribed Magdeburg Freygut Wild Itten, Caymischen AMBT, hergeliehen, humbly anhelt, seen Such Eu.Lb. and from her first closed herein Supplicato We Welch's to you and you remittent consult with the friendly and gdsten command, UNSS unvorgreifliches your opinion be returned, whether the supplicant should be humble deferiret please. His Eu.Lb. in taking services geflissen and you weighed with grace. Colln on the Spree 17 May 1667
Friedrich Wilhelm [handwritten signature], great seal <<
The above letter is addressed to Prince Boguslaw Radziwill (see image right ), which at that time in Königsberg acting governor of the Duchy of Prussia *). In July 1667 a reply from the king's mountain Oberräthe:
>> HSH Prince pp, merciful Lord. It is a
unlengst Studiosus Christoff of Bergen, who received a Magdeburg Freygutt 4 Huben Wild Itten in Cammerambt Caymen, died without heirs. Now, although his brother died before Ihme also leave Albrecht of mountains in the same Freygutt two daughters and their mother, still sit uff Huben, that these brothers in ungetheileten gutt sat ... hers after father's death they weren not even außgezahlet and dahero they stay the mother and daughters ... in the gutt, the mother also Hette still d [a] s jus retentionis, eingewendett, whereas the other two deceased brothers seind yet income-living cousins and Georg Merten by mountains and UMB to ALSS feudal followers before the erwehnten qualificiren to daughters;
But we can examine all the parts right, and darauß that these 4 hides at E.Ch.D. ALSS a caduci ... found, we had danenhero vermeinet that about a new investiture of so many pretend to E.Ch.D. Servants, because of behind-digit wage deserves to be a contentiret could, but it had in the study also examine Ext tightened AmbtsBericht .. auget that debt in capitals and without interest, and so much more liable auff this feud, the ALSS sworn tax not außträget; As the two outer Consignation debt , taxa and the Ambtsbericht hiebey zuersehen;
Weil now dismiss the pretend to cousins, and before the debt, most of privilegiret and must außm fiefs are gezahlet, EFD little or nothing but to expect the feud, the daughters, but they dehmütigst to conserviren it request that the shareholders deposit before you weiln the mother and these children do not know else to stay, the creditors uff you too want to see intercediret in its report, ALSS, we hereby it to E.Ch.D. to bring gehorsambst to dehro own gn [ädig] most recognition, whether E.Ch.D. evenness of the daughters in front of a few, like melitiren still wanted ... (?) Wolter, gndst in the feud against außzahlung the debt. conserviren Wolter, without the measure of heimbstellende humbly, and expected good explanation, ...
Sämbtliche Oberräthe At S.Churf.Dl. to 15th-Brandenburg July 1667 << On 19 July writes Friedrich Wilhelm in Berlin, >> When UNSS unbekandt now, as that debt, consentirte whether or not to be, BPAs, so we ask Er.Edle freundtOheimblich and you tell us graciously, Darvon UNSS your unvorfengliches advice andt report to other sizes of our most gracious erklerung arrived here to send <<
Hence the statement that it is not that of the above-mentioned office jurors Peterson and Perbandt estimated sales value of the asset by far, cover the accumulated debt would. We arrive in Berlin to the counsel:
>> Waß Er.Lb. and their sub d. date 12/22 because of the texture of Caducirten Magdeburg fief of 4 hooves, leaving such an in Freydorf Wild Itten AMBT Caymen a Studioso Christoff of mountains, arrived here referiret, andt that one of the deceased brother's daughters would receive in this feud, fürschläget, These things we have heard from the lecture sothanen report. Now, because many debt-like in the Gutter, ALSS seindt We GDST satisfied that a will if they verheyraten to Er.Lb. and your suggestions for where to stay and the feudal Creditors as best they can, content Irishman, however, the future possessor sothanen Gutts Socher will have to Magdeburg law and held possession. ... Colln on the Spree River, 14 Dec. 1667
Friderich Wilhelm (original signature), Great Seal <<
from the church books from Caymen I know that a Albrecht von Bergen , who must have died in wild Itten as things 1660-1667 and was the last owner in Wild Itten from the family of mountains, had two daughters: Catharina Agnes * 1658 and Maria * 1660th Catharina Agnes marries a Johann Thiel, who is still in the property game with Itten's debt burden. Obviously, he can be paid off debts successfully, for he and his son and successor Friedrich Siegmund Thiel , which then demands in 1779 by the Office Caymen recognition of his ownership of a meadow in Duhnau are respected members of their church community and serve as church leaders. Friedrich Siegmund Thiel is in turn linked a daughter from the family Peterson from Sielkeim married, a family that has been established there also quite successful in cöllmischen property. Catharina Agnes von Bergen marries a widow in 2 Married Johann sand wedding a Freysaß, country and church leaders from jury Bother.
The other daughter Maria Bergen married Gabriel Le (s) gnick a cöllmischen Krüger Sielkeim . A daughter of the mountains of Maria married a Peterson, so that the pitcher and 3 Huben Sielkeim country in the next generation in the possession of the Sielkeimer Peterson family reach. Another daughter from the marriage is Lengnick-Bergen married to Anthonius sand wedding, a brother of the above Johann sand wedding .
outlined above family ties can serve as an example for the complex relationships within the family Cöllmerstandes in Samland. Man gets married over the centuries only within our own state. If it is not in the immediate environment suitable marriage candidate, orients oneself in a larger radius. To mention
was still, those cousins of the deceased brothers and Christoph Albrecht Bergen hot Merten and Georg von Bergen. The document, however, say nothing about their origin or residence. Maybe they want a of Bergen line in Poeppeln (Official Labiau) combined. In official accounts of Labiau 1666 a George is called in by mountains Poeppeln. In addition, there is also a 1607 Merten of mountains in Kadgienen , a widower who wants to settle before officially Neuvermählung who owns his children from his first marriage, Henry and Dorothy, and for his step-children Zachary and Andrew.
In the Caymenschen Office 1667 bills still Canzleyverwandter Abraham Bergen as co-owner at 10 hides in Langendorf mentioned - a few lines under the ownership of the deceased Simon Dach in Kuykeim . It seems not only a family of Bergen to have been in the region. By the way, Abraham was a son-in by mountains of Professor Simon Dach **).
1727 is widowed Catharina Agnes von Bergen Thiel , sand wedding married name in a tragic church records note 2 years before her death in the death record of her grandson, Johann Martin Singöhl * 1718, mentions † 04.19.1727 in Both:
"after the same 2 day vorhero, because the grandmother Fri Sandrauin dig in their garden of wild Itten Leave for a few excavated Bilsen roots unseen before Paßernacht cooked and eaten, of which he ate along with the other, so like, swollen, but he third tag it died. " Johann Martin Singöhl was his father's side a grandson of Abraham Singöhls who owned the jug in Danielis with a number of hooves in the country office Schaaken and there was also the official jury. Johann Christoph Singöhl Martin's father was married to a daughter of Wild Thiel Itten.
And how am I now with relatives v.BERGENs? So very direct and straight at all actually. But a sister of a Urururur-grandfather (The 4UR-great-aunt called Sophia Charlotte Dewie * 1783 in Bothe) equal to 2 times with men from the sand grape family was married, great grandchildren of the above Anthonius sand wedding. And if I have a closer look, I think certainly, other compounds ... The samländischen Cöllmerfamilien were all back and forth several times related to each other and marriage.
Sources used in order of mention:
GStAPK, XX.HA, East Prussia. Fol. 337, p. 378 (prescription for Wild Itten 1528)
GStAPK, XX.HA, Caymen PT No. 2, p. 69ff (court day protocol of 07/24/1779)
GStAPK, XX.HA, EM 126d No. 2501 (V.Bergen debts of the Christoph garbled students)
GStAPK, XX.HA, East Prussia. Fol 2775, p.56 ff (Official statement Caymen 1667)
church register data in the Family Book Caymen
Patrick Plew (see http://www.plew.info/ofb_allgemein.htm )
*) Boguslaw Radziwill * 3 May 1620 in Gdansk, † 31 December 1669 in Königsberg, was a Lithuanian nobleman, magnate, statesman and Imperial Prince of the Holy Roman Empire. As the son of Janusz Radziwill (1579-1620) he came from a noble family of Radziwill (Lithuanian Radvilos). His mother was Elisabeth Sophia, a daughter of the Elector John George of Brandenburg! From 1657-69 he was the governor of the Duchy of Prussia in the service of his relatives
Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg. **) Simon Dach, poets of the Baroque period (see image right)
* 29.07.1605 in Memel, + 15.04.1659 in Königsberg
1639 appointed him to the Elector Georg Wilhelm Professor of Poetry at the University of Konigsberg.
is 1656 he rector of the University of Konigsberg
1658 gives him Elector Friedrich Wilhelm an estate in Kuikeim
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