Pathophysiology Of Uterine Polyp

The origin of Neufitte / Stombeck on the Curonian Spit

As I reported in previously published articles on these places have, we have been able to find any sources that illuminate the origin of Neufitte and Stombeck. In the 18th Praestationstabellen Century out of office Schaaken says the billings at Neufitte / Stombeck reiterates that the relevant documents in the Official Neuhausen had gone missing.

The so-called Powundischen Probsteydörfer or the income from these villages have already been allocated in the Middle Ages the Königsberg cathedral. I suspect that remained because of these old covers the villages after the secularization at the Office Neuhausen are. The Office Neuhausen covers an area directly north-northeast adjacent to Konigsberg, but has never actually a direct connection with the Sogn. Probstey had villages on the Curonian Lagoon. This up to the beginning of the 18th Century were to belong to five villages Schmiedehnen Neuhausen, Gunther, Plöstwehnen, Will Keim and Stombeck / Neufitte were, a Neuhausensche enclave on the Curonian Spit Powunden between the offices and Schaaken Laptau. Only then were assigned to the Office Schaaken.

I first knew nothing of these old covers. In my research I talked to archive files of the Office Schaaken and wondered where to find anything older than Stombeck / Neufitte. Not until the mention of Neuhausen in the document Schaaken me to further trace.

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section of the Sogn. Schrötter card in the 18th Century

Now it needs a basic awareness of the name. In the 17th and 18 Century, it is almost always Neufitte. Adventurous spelling variations are related to: Newe Viet, Newe Pfütt, New Fitt. The term Stombeck appears occasionally, when the fishermen of the Neufitte speech t the Stombecke they should live. Sold as Office 1679, the pitcher on Neufitte in private hands, according to the prescription: " pitcher in the 5-Vitte Mrg. Uff the country Stombeck (because that other Landt theilß washed away into the lagoon theilß with fisher Heuser is besetzet) andt 5 Mrg. ALSS andt an excess of the lauff Dorff Wilkeimb ". The name is familiar as an old Stombeck corridor designation, the place is called officially, but Neufitte. Only with increasing loss of land and the implementation of the fishermen's houses on higher lying areas, the transportable Stombeck AME in the second half of the 18th Century more and more common. After the task is not to be held on Neufitte pitcher in 1800, the name Stombeck established final. the significance of the place name Stombeck: a Beek is a ditch, a creek. The "Stom" might "in the" mean Beek, assuming the near flowing into the lagoon Lobitter Beek as a reference. Perhaps it was in ancient times and occasionally a ditch with that description.

The term Vitte (Vitte = Swedish bank, top) indicates originally temporary fishing settlements on the sea beach when fishing where the fish processed in the fishing season and the networks have been repaired. The name comes more often from the lagoon: Conradtsvitte, Schaaksvitte. The name of New-suggests that there is a new foundation, so it was not a populated place since the earliest times.

must also be noted that this discussion here is not identical to that Neufitte Neufitte, which can be the usual Meßtischblättern cards and find the modern era, So the place located west of and north of Stombeck Pomehnen and belonged to the office Laptau. The Neufitte, which we treat here, has already been irretrievably lost since about 1800. The west of the lagoon located Stombeck island called "Old Jug Island is a remnant of the defunct Neufitte. Taking into account ancient sources, allows the lead to the conclusion that in earlier centuries, a land connection between Stombeck and the island was that the entire Haffbucht west of Stombeck time was a closed land area from which the later remaining island and "t the Stombecke "slightly higher stood out.

We already know that there was a pitcher on Neufitte Office, which was sold 1679 in private hands. The economics of office there, David Krueger Landel bought him for 1,000 marks, but with the condition that he be allowed to sell only official beer. Own brewery right is not conceded. The pitcher is so previously, state, electoral possession. Now it gets a little complicated, because the reigning Elector Frederick William, for his wise policy in the Swedish-Polish problems of inheritance, which earned him the sole sovereignty over Prussia, known as "the Great Elector," called - that elector had debts to its management officials or military. These liabilities as he was, as he pledged the revenues of offices. The income from the so-called Powundischen Probsteydörfer flowed since 1670 on land v. Rath Epping. The Lord v. Epping would like to see not geschmählert the revenue from these villages through the excessive expenditure on the maintenance of the jug on Neufitte. For 1670-79, the coastal region and the pitcher is substantially damaged by flooding and ice conditions.

In winter 1669 -70 Haffküste and seems to have been taken Neufitte bad as this letter can be clear:
to head forester of Folbert
because of the accident through the storm Fischer in the Newen Vitte - 10 Janua. 1670 -
Fridrich Wilhelm Elector, p.
Lgetr. [ faithful love ] In addition to the fishermen have Newen Vitte among Probstey-Doerffer swept away by them that the recent large body of water its unusual storm andt Gebäwde, ersäuffet their wives, children and other Habseeligkeit and they have to poor people to humbly beklaget, including Bey fürhabender wiederanbawung umb außfolgung the required bawholtzes gehorsambst asked.
When then such unfortunate people, umb that they are able to come back, UNSS zuleisten the guilty subject, must be geholffen cheap. So We remittent it herewith to you, gndst [ graciously ] commanding that you like your event uff-use Instruction geme, may give the desired and necessary quality accessories Bawholtzes because of them modest.

The fishermen of Neufitte can pay their taxes in 1676 not because they harmed the country or even washed away by flooding was. The elector assigned to investigations, in order to ascertain whether a tax exemption is justified:
At Hauptman to Neuhausen ad inst. the Vittisch Fischer d. 17th Octob. 1676
Fridrich Wilhelm Elector p.
Lgetr. What the fishermen of the new sämptlichen Vitte for adopting the Contribution ask humbly and otherwise zuverstaten is located Enclosed. Ob nun das Waßer ihre 2 Huben die sie von der Dorffschafft Wilkaim gebrauchen, dergestalt vom Haabe ( Haff ) abgespielet, d[a]s sie dieselbe nicht mehr gebrauchen können, solches will vorhero uff eine fleißige untersuchung ankommen, dannenhero Wir dier hiemit GDST commend, d [a] s you the opportunity to be examined by such Huben faithful decent people, but hear supplicants themselves in their concerns and how everything is, with the return of Inschlußes UNSS dutifully reported test.

decide after this adversity, the Government of the jug for sale, the sale proceeds flows immediately into the treasury of the Lord v. Epping and charged with his claims against the elector.
>> ... that UNSS Our country humbly counsel Reinhardt of Epping fürtragen leave as belonging to his Pfandtschafft pitcher in the New Vitte Every year, a lot of construction costs take away andt ietzo especially since he gantz construction Fellig going Upon this a great would, if he brought the good Designers should able to ... that the same applies to another pitcher umb some Kauffgelt would be struck with the peculiar condition that the same applies Kruger andt to entertain the pitcher no different ALSS AMBT beer is guilty Offer be Solter, at the same time also took Käuffer Daviedt Landeln the bißhero pitcher dwelt in the proposal made in which Eintausent mk Kauffgeldt to kill, to take the above condition is erbothen humbly; Weiln now the thing just now about our Haubtman to the Neuhausen Obr. Nettelhorst of ALSS deme the occasion of Ohrt wollbekandt very untersuchet, andt fürgestellet ALSS must be useful as well without it find anything questionable, grind bey the same pitchers who need only take Ambtsbier UNSS, allemahl provide benefits that they have their other owner , ALSS that they remain the bey Aembtern, angemercket the experience also testified that such a proprietor more uff improving food and entertainment of the Building ALSS sees a Mietsman and cultivates Arendatores do.
We have fallen outside of us that Kauff Gunder, can prescribe andt therefore out of the country Fürstl. Andt sovereign power creates UNSS our heirs, and after coming Daviedt Landeln him and his heirs the pitcher in the predicted 5-Vitte Mrg. Uff the country Stombeck (: because that other Landt theilß washed away into the lagoon theilß with fisher Heuser is besetzet:) andt 5 Mrg. ALSS an excess of andt lauff in Wilkeimb Dorff, including the time UNSS army brought nothing, but from the pitcher to Wilkeimen against Thn: Annual beer been taken so that Dorff creates gebrauchet andt in Zween Pläzen, a pipe (?) andt the Stombeck ALSS one located at Roßgarten of dorff, bestehet which Pläzen estimate by a Landtmeßer andt should be measured to the pitcher in Imgleichen with age corresponding to the jug meadow at forest Sarkauschen sambt freye Vieheweide with fishermen Stombeck uff Cölmischen to inheritance rights to possession andt andt ever to use his best, then geg [s] he should continue an Landel iezo tausent mk Kauffgelt which needed to above have our country rath of Eppinger uff to accept his challenge, in our bahr RentCammer umb bennahmung sake right to kill, he Imgleichen andt his heirs because of the 10 Mrg. Ackers andt the meadow, and for the Hökerey to pay ( small sales of goods ) that he may have fallen after his fortsezen without anyone's entry 45 mk Annual andt then only on the Pfandtshaber so long blocked the Pfandtschaft after explorirung same but außm Ambt andt that take so much beer ALSS Schencker always possible to weather shall be obliged, because we promise Worbey Ihme Landeln herewith and his heirs, that our subjects that beer he wirdt journal Ext Ihme, as before, continued to lead in the jar , and also that the pitcher bollwergk umb herumb allmahl WITHOUT get ready and in good standing, next to no weiln Holzung Beyme pitcher negotiations, Ihme Landeln and his heirs, all of the Year 5 / 8 focal Holtz no less that that required bauholtz Ihme iedesmahl after Sambl. Privilegio served by the Forest should be cited außgefolget dependent and even water from the beginning all they do with respect to this pitcher to have been guilty should pay more, but otherwise everything has said Landel ALSS and his heirs with the pitcher and his pertinenti their eigenthumb to exercise and want to, they'll wobey geschüzet also at all times [s] to; Uhrkundl. with our eig [s] and handed unterschrifft Churfl. AP Insigel bekräfftiget. Königsbg. D. 21 Mart. Ao 1679 ~ Friedrich Wilhelm ~

virtue of this prescription has Daviedt Landel the Eintausent mk In the Churfl. Rent has been paid opt wider Cammer andt H. Land council of Epping uff keep his pretensions to be, what Werdt quitiret. Königsbg. d. 12 July 1679 <<

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It remains unclear, since when a pitcher and how long has the place Neufitte. The oldest found documents dating back to 1645 and sets out the obligations of the 4 villages Will Keim, Schmiedehnen, Gunther and Plöstwehnen against the Neufitter Office Krug:
>> prescription of those four Doerffer Wilkeimb, Smith A, Gunteinen and Ploßweinen Betreffendt
therefore be Churfl. Dhl. Br crossed out to Our Lord [,] Supplicirende four Doerffer in Neuhauschen ALSS, Wilkeimen, Blößweinen, a blacksmith andt Gunteinen in Seel. Rapping with Ernst dero Scatul monetary gelösett itself andt have beaten the same pitcher in the New Vitte, so his seindt Churfl. Dhl. herewith to peace in mercy on [s], and willing, d [a] s the subjects andt Innwohnern obbemelter Four Doerffer as long as you Bey Sr. Churfl. Dhl. Scatul remain to be pre ieder Hube Sixty mk year of money at the right time in his Churfl. Dhl. Scatul interest infallible, and neither of ied Hube half eighth Brenholtz all year ran away to the pitcher in the New Vitte, like d [a] s to Fort Maltz position of Brauwercks, twinkling biess in lead and in addition to the mills, stone and brush it oft Noether the pitcher so that d [a] s no water damage do, beyschaffen quickly, get the pitcher in building essential to perform and d [a] s Scharwerck Beyme pitcher, as well as webs routes, bridge, greben Thämmen andt to maintain boundaries in their next andt the Contrib: so uff public land days gewilliget [s] Every meal be right to contract guilty otherwise, but with no obligations and Beschwerdenn as the acquisitions have beleget'll [s] to , signatum Königsbk., 26 July Anno 1645 ~ ~ Friedrich Wilhelm <<

We learn from this letter that the region has been previously pledged before. The family v.Rapp (d / n) is since the time of Duke Albrecht high administration officials. The Samland v.Rappes are on different goods established. The pledge to stem the rapper is 1645 already abgolten for some time. The income and services from the Powundischen Probsteydörfern flow back into the electoral fund and be allocated to the pitcher in Neufitte. The jug belongs to the Office Neuhausen, is therefore not in private hands. The pitcher itself is brewed, the farmers have to provide for the Braubetreib firewood and to provide for the bank protection.

I have not found an extensive file that was created a few years later, but much more information about the origin and Organization includes the resort Neufitte. This file from the 1647 addresses a sensitive issue: embezzlement, taking advantage in office, fraud, extortion, assault - that's what the allegations are in today's lawyers Pache. Accused the manager on Neufitte. An administrator who manages the pitcher Neufitte as a branch of the Office Neuhausen, which cashed the Office shall be charges from the farmers and fishermen of the villages under his command and also to provide as official of his responsibilities for law and order. Let's look to the documents:
Churfürstl reqs. Dhrt. command to Brandenburg, our most gracious gentlemen, sub Dato 27 May 1647 by the administrator in the Newell Vitte Hanss Barstorffen , the bey of 1644, and 1645 examine 1646sten Notirte Mängell year bill, is that the 10 residents in the new Vitte andt their Häußerchen a Hube keep 20 acres of meadows Usage, which of the Dorff Willkaymenn removed. The same 10 residents give three kinds of Zinsser. ALSS first place, had any interest-10 mk. Afterwards Freygeldt 5 mk unndt Fischer then Zinsser after Haaf order.
had the interest had to bring the manager of Ao 1641 at 100mK year completely, so that may depart from the stretchers interest is not considered ohn damahls there have been only two fishermen, the others have some gesaßet, imm other, third and Vierden Year: so, however, may reach the manager of the introduced, but not received 100mK, he has brought to Ao 1645 no Freygeldt, but ad ratione you have taken to Ao in 1645 because it was the same, have unndt gezinset to me [aeli] in 1646 following gestaldt :
Before we look at now, how many have paid the particular individual listed fishermen in the years 1641-46 in interest (taxes) is to note that in 1641 only 2 fishermen were located in Neufitte and the other 8 in the years after and after this came from. It further states that were taken for the place Neufitte a Hube and 20 acres from the existing village Willkymen (Will Keim). This leads one to suspect that Neufitte and the pitcher were built there until recently. Is supported by information in the presumption of official accounts of older Neuhausen. In the 1630s the area of the village is still undiminished Will Keim indicated as 20 hides, while called from 1640 only 18 hides and 10 acres! It is conceivable that Neufitte represents something of an administrative "Vorwerk" Neuhausen of the Office and by the settlement of fishermen, the revenue of the region should be raised. As stated in other acts, is Neufitte increasingly driven by the teamsters from Königsberg, which embark from there towards "Mümmel (Memel), to continue to drive north towards Riga. In Neufitter pitcher you wait for boats and good weather. The locally produced beer keeps the people waiting in good spirits and washes revenue for the coffers of the Office. But first comes in Neuhausen any money. The administrator of Neufitte collects and manages its business:
Jacob Spiring Schmaucks has dwelt or six years, the 1st à 12mk - the rest 15mk à ~ 87mk
Christoff Lustig six years to mahll than 2 12mk andt 4 times a 15mk à ~ 84mk
Michell Kung year 4 than 3 to 1 a 12mk unndt 15mk ~ 57mk
Gerge Peper five years, with 15 ~ mk 75mk
Abraham Tiel five years, the 1st à 12mk, the rest 15mk à ~ 72mk
Hanss Siewat 3 years a 15mk ~ 45mk
Ewaldt Foss a Schmiedt five years ut aly 72mk
Andres Rudig five years 72mk
Hanss Grott five years 72mk
Spielmans Hauß izo dwell Christoff Bahr five years 72mk
. . . . Thutt 708mk

Hierauff, the liquidator, in 6 years Zinsser unndt Ao 1645 as also 46 mk to 700 Freygeldt placed correctly, the bies auff 8mk guilty zuerstatten he said. Unndt this is the cause, wherefore in the first 4 years no Freygeldt introduced. The fisherman is Zinsser belang selfsame end they have the first four years not given because it wants all of the rough from wurzell andt of Grundt iedtwedes müßenn cause. -This is another indication of resettlement took place recently - but The Anno 1645 only 4 of 600 fishermen Ao46 sacks just from Keutell boht Zinsser earned: is by the administrator under unndt nachleßigkeit beaten; Sintemahl it when! Ihme the fishermen brought geldt; the same before his private Schuldt before beer, bread unndt other Heckerey true count unndt's domination of the Zinser gesezet hindtan, not eineß Schuldt taken to register, but even left off the bill, so the people even complained. It is also the manager of a fishing Michelle Kung 30MK FischerZinß de Anno received 45 unndt no account taken: Is zuerstatten guilty.

has yet He exhorted weeder, or put on no account 18mk Zinsser of 60 fish bags. Even your Drey have fished with Keutellböhten. ALSS Jacob Pirie , Michel Kung unndt Hanss Siewat à 30MK from Keutell, Thutt beydes 108mk said the administrator, so that only its extorquirenn private debt, may versäumet is, bey to verabscheiden the gned's domination, is to pay military there. Vonn the fishing interest nevertheless could Churfl.Dhrt Sr.. Some have nuzen much better than bies hero done, everything unfleiß by Administrator remained after the military nothing giveth, stretch, he read the accounts of all. At over 12 seindt Instleuten bey the Paur unndt 9 in Fishes, wirdt but you brought no Freygeldt, ALSS only one Kauffgärtner 9mk but must Scharwercken bey of brewing. The administrator of
brauet's domination of barley, the organizer shall reserve the Taffelbier, andt Schenck beer brewers grains hergegen mus he unndt create the Hopffer Brawer entertained.

It also ezliche Instleite Ao42 geschoßet to have half a dollar, before the manager has a geschaffet Meischtrog erfahrenn how much the same but have been kan not one, then the weggezogenn albereit most of it.

dining complain the fishermen in the Newell Vitte for them by the He. [ worthy ] Ernst Rappin [ is meant the widow of the late Ernst Rappe ] in a certain place in the Haaf cause can not fish from wiell that it is privileged is zufischen, also attended by a Andres Rudig Fischer made Zinsser, to the administrator unndt silent stiell it's domination of the not indicated.

The fishermen complain to the administrator, which he in all matters of Heckerey [ Hökerei, sale of goods ] of beer, bread, light, salt dergleichenn unndt you unndt very posits what he bought a dime before you verkaufet half ago, asking umb remidierung. The rest of the bill in question 1646sten olds, is the same auff 2093mk is the administrator of the following beleget gestallt.

90mk Friedrich Stobbe de Anno 1641 by two Huben Correinen. Eating but two of these thought Paursmann Huben had beseet as desert S.Churfr.Dhrt afterwards. itself, which he operated you could not auffgesagt, dahero stay desert are: As he was still a time meets had gebrauchet to ALSS Ihme Ao is 1643 zuerkant of the jury, which he must pay the Helffte nemblich 45mk, the other Hellfte wirdt Must be applied.

22mk 30SS same Friedrich Stobbe because some fields grow, so in another place, so the point is not to his Successories NUZ, abhüttet unndt laßenn abhütten. 558 mk 2 Huben unndt 2 acres of Schulz andt of the Kruger Correinen to me. Ao46 guilty, refuse to admit, you weill prescription de Anno 1616 the 18 Marty by Mr. OberRäthen auff production went happened before then Commissarialische abhandtlung as not wanted in originality, but from the home directory Neuhausen; zuverabschiedenn stands. 72mk Hanss Fuchs from behind Korein digit Zinsser de Anno 1646, also had gestehet hats together bey weill, but it real loud Schillinger, she wanted the administrator not accept, wiell auff pay the autumn.

113mk 41ß Fritz greasy of a blacksmith to be guilty gestehet lament about failure. The administrator has eintheill with the Ihme umb Helffte geseet, helt also still Marcyri (?) With Ihme is, cheap wool zahlenn themselves before Him. 50mk Gerge Gelhar unndt Will germs 28mk Bartell Gelhar by Wilkeimen beyde guilty of Zinsser, please umb term bies auff the fall, do zahlenn you. 185mk 30SS zuerkanten to streamline the Landtgeschwornen auff the assizes in the 45th annual accounts, the administrator eingemahnett nothing zuverstehen the Paur-giving that when he nüzet not wiell so little of the Judiciary, the jurors and commissioners themselves 916mk 5ß beer debt, the Administrator report to ausstendig, but it has not stated the same bey analyzing such his debts, some Executions hülff against you wanted by the commissioners to close dahero, he'll eingemahnet allbereit bahr bey have. Furthermore, the manager has been held, what the beyde Bräwer Andres Stimert unndt Sun two years Gerge Himmellreich brewed so 5 / 4 year.

Before the jury of the town namely, that of the administrator to ausgesaget Gebräw every one of half a load of the High's domination barley, fed than his own barley 10 bushels, because he hurt the Lord Creates andt nuzen to geschaffet, andt is to Andres Stimmerts 17 times mahl happen to the wordenn Gergen Himmellreich s ceasing times but only 6 meal.

The administrator gestehet only 4 times a to be done such unndt from necessity, he weill not right before the Bräwer which to entertain him Viell costs ehtwas has to pay. Otherwise prescribed, the administrator of all the Taffelbier, Schenck beer andt have spent grains from beer to keep all gebrawenem unndt unndt it should not take into account kegen therefore he is guilty, zuschaffen hop andt the Bräwer entertain. Unndt is in the accounts have served in the three years in which the beyde Bräwer, 9mahl ALSS Anno 1644 11mahl Ao45, Anno 1646 8mahl together 29mahl has been gebrawen, which by virtue of the lezten Bräwers informative, 6 gebräwe deducted, leaves 23 Gebäw to which he filled allemahl 10 bushels. Thutt 3 load 50schfl, of which 76 have unndt þonne beer put the winners in its Beutell, estimiren to how much of this, does the right's domination gned. About this he was also inquire of what it fend against a quality Blanchett, with the movable unndt forsake creates the verlauffenen Spiellmans which because bey Elbing committed theft, alhier unndt taken prison afterwards unndt loss was where to leave the ienige what he go, giveth the administrator to antwordt:

of the game's wife, his dienstmägdtchen seduced unndt instructed to steal the selbige Mägdtchen Hette stolen his Fraw geldt that your mother has 19mk must return again andt as it was, according to Bahr that the Spielmansche and it Hette Mägdtchens thief stable blame She has seen all their stuff near Konigsberg secretly lead unndt wolt even at night to follow, of which one was aware, you can take in verhafft unndt get the stuff from Kaliningrad, it is from the verhafft loßkommen andt has escaped his unndt such Fraw the administrator, in his absence gethann. The Gutt he laughed aßene unndt runny Hette brought to them, its loss, the bey mk Vierdehalb one hundred true to recover unndt the Hette Ihme the Lord allowed chief hunter.

Ihme But this much is to be stolen is not proven, consentiret much less the chief hunter of H. Solte have zubehalten leave the property, the [n] umb time he was just out of the country. Unndt behaltenn the manager has his own bekäntnüß by:
a gelding, An old cows, a strengthening of it andt Discover all Gänß pig. Fünff newe Bette, one of them poured into Leinwandt and the remaining 4 in colorful drill layer, andt Fünff kisses, Drey paints, a new wooden bed, a large box with lock Bendt, Drey Fischkeßell, Kessell from half a Thon, a Dreyfus, Zweene horses, nine Diehle andt two Rahner, A Fraw Schmarge, a green apron, A discant Fidell, a bull there in the Pfütte who live in what the manager read the Bräwer.

It has also the pastor of Powunden to the administrator klagent argued that he, together with his wife to him Pfarrhr. as well as his Haußfraw took quite irresponsible Guttenberg unndt to honor attacked public geschmehet scolded unndt unndt which had no other cause, the ALSS He ratione officy unndt him or his wife Christenthumbs remembers, the churches andt angemahnet to attend the sermons, they are not alone weill occur in any church, but also the other unndt discouraged what was more like, we adopted ad referendum andt E.Churfr.Dhrlt sollenn behind humbly bring.
E. Churfurstl DHLT. Unterthenigste servant
Hanss Friederich von Oppen, Johann Willudovius
Commißorialsche relation to the manager in question Newenn Viett. Referiret d. 22nd July 1647th

Undt ann hn Hanns Friederich vonn Oppenn forester written lassenn bring alldemselben [Hans Barstorff] gefenglichen arrived here.

now follow detailed directions from various complaints against the managers of Neufitte:
grievances Ecclesiastica, Spiritual appeal
leadeth be andt the Verwaltter woman a God-less, secure, Epicures andt ergerliches life in common - wirdt proved
- Come to any church and a few for H. Abendtmahl
- Donation behind the sermon brandy andt beer, eat and Sauff with the fishermen, blah ..... and flay .. lead obsessively Leutte, meanwhile, and Shives (?) After their worst assets the bezecht Leutte that you need to pay these Kurtz Weill So before gnug.
- Share can preach in their churches (the jug-meaning) as good, sing and pray to the Pfaff ALSS Powund in its churches, andt we kan be so at home ALSS andechtig in the churches, dahero not a little of the sermon and the church shall be held high ergerlich.
- Sindt uff hefftig exasperated the minister that he officii you ratione et conscientiam because of their wicked nature, contempt of God and his wordt, enthalttung of the Sabbath, speak highly ergerlich ..(?) straffet, dominant and Lester him uffs hefftigste, this account of the pastor of such jure been urged to vindicate.
- Last Day of Repentance bed and fasting day is against forbidden the Lord Provides the manager, his wife and all the fishermen, that shall communicate Blanchett, outside its churches have, in the morning, fished, eaten Upon this, drunk, since they but such fasting more dan 14 days ..... publice et angekündiget been privately; but having little Geachte and on that account, the parish priest beklaget andt the administrator geantworttet that hard fend eingesetzet only by humans.
- (?) Buss Wen [n] the administrator beer has read, he commonly on Sunday the Pauerßleutte load into the pitcher, ALSS when He told them something Hette view because the Lord Provides, so you will be held by the service of God and He verschenket his beer .
- Wirdt the name of God to the highest gelester defined by the diversity swearing, Darzu He gewehnet his boys secretly alsodaß, some religious people wirdt bang whom ERß anhöret, but he thinks it very WOL pending.

Politica grievances, complaints weldtliche
dining Everybody laments that the Verwaltter the Churfürstl. Dhl. Secondment bequemet not, but in many of the same direct punct zuwieder lives andt aggraviret with the subjects of inequity! Is proved:
- Leßet He fishermen off Sonabendt andt Sontag, who sold their fish sowoll of Sundays of the working day in ALSS verbothenen hours.
- The freedom of the Haab and the water wirdt broken oft, and beat with Rauffer honor, andt with severe lead vulnerable wordt andt EVEN from Verwaltter.
- The Landtman wirdt Zulauff because of the fishing guide andt Criegern, the Verwaltter to Zwey Dreytage beherberget, überheupt gedrücket in Fischkauff who do not come to Fischer right time in the morning to stay home but uff the Haab andt water are the Landtman bit with the unmarried Luschke (?) is gone, ALSS you get to negotiate andt at 12, 1, 2, 3 clock after noon, then what happened to their arrangement after aware of their fish with Verwaltters andt the Landtman such fisheries; gantz is not (?) improved, such as that of the nobility in Mr. PABX Powundischen, Laptauschen, Rudauschen, pp Wargenschen Kreyss do lament the Landtman. (?) -
to Preserve the grace of the H Verwaltters him by the Fuhrleutten Criegern and all manner of truth in their carts andt Schenckasen zugeführet ALSS: Saltz, bread, light, brandy, Tver (expensive?) Strützell, gingerbread, LöchellWein, Meet, spice, sugar, rice, swaths Grütz andt the like, Dießen to uff a high concerns have andt all newcomers Criegern andt Fuhrleutte bey vergänsten the Verwaltter (?) Or einkauffen, which is true to make the beam that the pitcher, with the acquisitions these geese and resplendent prales.
- Calls from every one of the administrators of his fish Klopper Fischer Both daily and hourly, andt bekommet the fish at all ... He herlichen Lächß, pike, Bresse, Yes .., ReißAal Zertten pp. which is all the more worth three hundred year andt Billich the floras of the high power should be admitted. He, however, such fish master the Criegern andt Fuhrleitten tewer zuverhandlen know enough.
- Drive out the Verwaltter and his wife with her big Schinderey Höckerey: that bread, and the much smaller light Sindt ALSS in the town: this must be a light on Schillingß Pölchen, Pölchen A three bread Large rang, here wirdt Quatier a beer for a half , verkaufft a semi for a substance, such as the occupant of the ALSS Frembde lament, outside of which all major Reichthumb does arise, darauß übermutt herquillet.
- Sauget the Verwaltter sat outside under the hefftig that you need etzliche Ge Ackerß apply to barley, oats andt Lein p. (?) einreumen because of his grace and favor, that He does not desert Huben darff verzinßen.
white of the gutter Vortheill Verwaltter be looking to the Brauwerck, kan with all the time, a bushel of 9 or 10 slide as those of Brewer must testify.
- Wen Jemandt ebentz Bey had to sue him, he felt the Leutte, ALSS a wild berry, talk to them ieder wordt, kicks off a bitter grawsames, vindictive laugh, do not admit to flay andt lester Wordt modestly of himself that seuffzen Leutte the poor, but God would deliver them from such a wild and greedy people.
- drive his Uff seindt gekaufft Nekhen in court days before fish were three of the gl Landtman, which normally are not 15 or 20gl kan erkauffen, the fact of queruliren LandManß close verdechtig.

Oeconomica grievances, complaints häußliche
is in the public Verwaltter and his wife on müttig, cheeky gertzig Wildt, andt unmeßig hoffert! Is proved:
- Is He seltten sober: Bless all the morning rush beschleust one with the same Fl ...- or brandy with a healthy BierTrunck the fremdt him afterwards in a soft feather bed, which belongs to the Spielmanschen, weltzet and fell asleep.
- He andt his wife eat the prettiest of all delicately andt Sindt food, the zufinden: Lächse, pike, Bresse, Jant, ReißAall at times Störbraten, ZertES their daily Zugemüse Sindt, Tickell have eaten it, wild geese andt Endter Vogell WOL will do that best.
- That woman knows not from arrogance, has forgotten that her late father was a poor Bawersman, the trit like a mistress daily in the parish macheyren geberdet Rocke, in their transparent hoffer Seidenen ........ Ko (?) with white Hermelchen außgefüttert that even pious nobleman matrons horrified about her andt much to say all Böß ergern because of it.
- Lester Leutte honest, the ruffe altten you except for graw, secret rogue, ALSS to whom you do not intend to be old, the young for ... ... ... ........, ALSS who you were not young.
- Sindt so rich was that you can Hews and Waßerböthe bawen, auff have the Wilkeymische Stobbeck, to complain DESS Dorff and the occupants Hawß the Schewnen sampt gesetzett, Darzu the Probstey must Dorff managed Scharwercken He andt Upon this 4 or 5 load bawen Gerst verbrawen andt kan afterward, as he himself confesses.
- everything you can to one hundred andt fl [florin] occasionally außthun auff interest because you zubezahlen Sechß but for years no one .. ( hole in the paper ) .. lead Topff had, but now with (?) 1000fl much. resplendent and Pral.
- He no longer Verwaltter kan dan in all Gastereyen Rauffer to flap their Pawers and Drauffer it [s] he would you drowet HalßEysen in the INSS? umblitzen set, you can abbleyen Apprüggeln andt heartily.
- This summer, he has no calves, so It must give the most part, the Pawern In Carreinen uff the pasture had andt who kan know how much he otherwise andt pferdt have hidden under the Pawern creature. By such means he auffstecken as big gutt and geldt and boast more Eyerbrodt kan He was in his milk zubrocken ALSS others ministered to the 10, 20, 30 years.
- In addition to this has taken the Verwaltter Zwo Strenitzen and a foal to Careinen of a heritage they andt according to Lorenz verkaufft Stobbe Guntheinen, but such as the High Pferdt's domination COMPETENT. This is the 11th § thus the politicis grievances heard.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
High Edler, stern, Vester andt Mr. Mashaffter head forester, uff E.Ch.Dl. Befehlich we Sindt benandte down our obligations to obey the pitcher to come together Wilkaymen andt, can ask for UNSS Andreß Stimert , former Brewers in the Newen Pfütten him gefraget place at Eydes:
- Why then him in the Verwaltter Newen Pfütten Hanss Barßtorff abgesetzet? He replied that he knew something about the time he does not wherefore it abgesetzet Blanchett, taken at his city's cousin.
- What'll eat for a quality there with the Brawen andt had what he always ? Gebrawen He was in the 2nd Year in the Pfütten been andt has Verwaltter in the 2 years, grind in seven toes, buried 10 bushels, of which he has Verwaltter get Every meal three Eymer beer Every Thonn to 3 make expected bushels sampt the table beer 10 bushels, seven toes 10 bushels of meal do one hundred seventy ReichßThaler andt. If now the darzukommen Außschencken, dürffte make it more.
- kan Verwaltter So much of the outside, the High's domination raise BrewHauß, the High's domination gebrauchet 1 the PFAN, for the 2 the Küb, 3rd the Thonne, 4th Wood, 5 Wooden cart, 6 Hoppen, 7 the Brewer, 8 Helffer, 9 Scharwerck 10 Mill, 11 Mühlfuhr 12 Ma [l] tz, 13 Dawer (?) 14. Krug Hauß Hoff.
( signatures ) .... hard .. Argau, Casper Rausch Nick
the jurors Probstey Dorff managed

I below benandter testify Dießen, for which I 12 Other news from this January 1647th Year to Neuhausen because of the Helmholtz market [t] it geweßen andt again gereißet by Hauss, in the cheeks but stopped and went into the jug, I andt Gergen sky been rich Brewer in the Newen Pfütten of Hans Barßdorff managers found abgesetzet been, have him there uff his conscience gefraget: gebrawen How long he in the Newen Pfütten? He geantwordtet: Fünff Viertell year. How much he gebrawen every meal? Foreign had said: He did not gebrauhen over all six meals of the last half: otherwise all the time from Viertzig Scheffell.
Hierbey has been the Hoffman von Schack andt the Kruger except the cheeks.
Wargau hard ... (?) [Signature]
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Serene Highness Prince Hochgebohrener Chur, uff Churfl adults. DHLT. gracious Befehlich we UNSS after Newen Vitte ...., that Inventarium removed from the size ends in Verhafft administrator Hanss Barstorffen wife, Upon this the Newen andt trained managers twinkling Ihme AFFORDS the 1648th Bill passed. Undt weiln of how literature beweyset A, 3 windows loading, 13 Bierthonnen lacked andt 3 alderman, cometh Such uff the Barstorffen to zuschaffen beside Dehmer we also have the Pawern the fünff Probstey Doerffer summoned before UNSS andt after accrediting Newen statement of management, water Hanss Barstorff bey you zugeseet to allerhandt getreyde, otherwise if they had some difficulty of Ihme interviewed.

they Waß außgesaget now is Lit: to give a B. So we have uff Churfl adults. Gracious Highness commands his fortune Zween Landtgeschworne diligently investigate andt from the largest to the smallest bit can invent Ireland, as the same literary C: weyset with several, all of which Churfl adults. DHLT. humbly to dero other gracious Regulation wier relative do get behind, the same hereby humbly of God the most gracious preservation Trewlichst Recommended
Erw.Churfl. Highness most humbly andt gehorsambste
Hanss Friedrich von Oppen, Christian Willomovius

Litera A
listing difficult to read set-up of beer and household items, indicating the lack of trim pieces. The names of the inventory items are unusual from today's perspective to understand.

Litera B
Uff gracious befehlich Sr. Churfl. DHLT. we have the PAWR the fünnf Probsteydörffer in Newen Vitte summoned before UNSS andt Was the manager was Hanss Barstorffen to allerhandt getreyde zugeseet bey you, even if some of them otherwise would complain again beyzubringen Him verhöret hard. Since you said as followeth found: there

Dorff Gunteinen
Hans Schulz Crause saith, except that an administrator Hanss Barstorff außgeseet bushels Gerst andt ½ bushels peas, of which he Ihme a given Strenz Bohlen.
Nieklauß plaan a Pawers Man saith, that the administrator fünff bushels of barley andt two bushels of rye uff außgeseet his field, of which He is a seven Littawisch Pferdt Sun Reichsthlr Ihme cost, given dergestaldt that Nieklauß Plan 10 mk 30g abkürtzen of the fields to rent (?) Unndt that the rest should be still, so still bit uff etzliche meal (?) Happened.
Beyme Johann Rehl he had not more than 1 bushel beans außgeseet. Otherwise, it desolate no Beschweer about him except the Albrecht Man (?), Carpenter, which might protest that he andt wiel carefully flick Newe work andt Carries out to the pitcher, but received no pay, because there is but that he Ao 1645 6mk 30SS uff außgebracht him that he should report to the Billich's domination.
Dorff Correinenn
This has nothing he Dorff andt zugeseet Paur following complaints that the back beygebracht Barstorffen Hanss, namely
Nieklauß Stalbohm beschweeret to Hanss Barstorff Gass etzlichen years ago Ihne his best stocking genohmen Pferdt andt to recreate an old Strenz that he could no longer use most, given and since the same gevohlet Strentze afterwards bey Ihme, wegkgenommen also twinkling Studtvohlen PABX yet another stallion Bohlen of his other stocking more down, in the place he him Andress Strentz Bohlen, so Paul zugehöret cod given.
Paul burdened cod is that genohmen Hanss Barstorff without some cause Ihme be Strentz Bohlen andt the above reported it to the Nieklauß Stalbohm given. It is also burdened
Friedrich Commission that Hanss Barstorff Ihme exacted a boy Bollen of three years, pretending that he Ihme to the exchange, which Friedrich communication with a tailor uff your Kauffgärthe In Dorff vorgehabet there, verhelffen Wolter outside of which exchange but nothing was.

Hanss Karl Krueger andt Hanss Fuchß that a Pauersman acepted Aussem Pobetschen a wild heritage in the selfsame Dorff, also albereits 8 bushels rye andt außgeseet over the winter, the barn roof at Newe brought, but he Weiln in the UffBauung Wohngebeides andt other necessities, has been hampered by Hanss Barstorffen Every Man has such a legacy left again about the barn again forfeited that grain but has let a Barstorff Augsten.

Dorff Wilkeimenn
Bey this Dorff zugeseet He has nothing more alls 8 bushels partnership with George Gehlhaar had nothing onerous beyzubringen him again, alls that
George Nitsch reported that three horses he Barstorff except the Thiergarten taken, such as Newell Paur uff the heritage auszutheilen the fill, of which the one he Hanss Wenzel umb 40mk andt the Lorenz Stobbe there a Strentze umb 45mk how Stobbe zustehet selves, verkauffet that has 3rd Barstorff Hanss, außsage Hanss Karlen still with himself.
Dorff smith Einenn andt Lastwehnen ( Plöstwehnen ) had not beyzubringen.

seindt The fishermen were also inquire of, andt the Schultz Wilckeimen has außgesaget that as it may wissendt Währe that Hanss Barstorff Ungerer in seven years 414mk Kahn of each of 19 to 6mk alls ao. 1641 of a boat, 42 of ao 2 ao 43 by 2, ao 1644 1646 by 9 Kahne bit andt that last meal of the Fischerzinß fünff Kahne, as there by a fisherman Davidt 36 mk of a WHAT (?) andt bag together from three to 12 years Every year mk Miette (?), so maketh 150 mk, received in the accounts is that of its interest rate Kahne taken, the received 18 uff mk but because of the fishing Wath Davidt Sindt ao been introduced only in 1643 4mK, remaining Irishmen allso still 14mk the report to the administrator schuldigk. The sembliche fishermen have had to create the administrator also 33mk together, sea end you do not know is in the accounts, no report to this account is, allso the manager to listen to exploiting andt Upon this decision to Zehlung to stop. Date in the 12th Newen Vitte Augusti 1647
Uff gdsten Sr. Chfl command. Dhl. seindt by the two sworn the fünff probstey Dorff of abgesezten administrator in the New Vütten, Hanss bit Barßdorffen things from the greatest one on small Estonians f [l] eisigk andt untersuchet as followeth Inventiret been ALSS
The following is a detailed listing of all household items, supplies and cattle.
Meanwhile in Reparirungk Krugeß Breuhaus and d. in New Vütten is needed and
¼ load Kalgk in Brauhauß Dagkstein andt the front of the gable Hauß zuverwerffen (?)
2 Balgken the pitcher, zuunter ...... and in the Brauhauß ... is open zuerbeßern hochnötigk and chimney, according to dan überschlagungk DESS Meurers ezliche brick will be needed and.
Actum New Vütte d. 13th (?) Aug. 1647
Caspar Rusch Nick Erhart .. Argau

Waß Hanss Barstorff, former manager in Newen Vitte virtue of the investigations andt the given real functions Sr. Churfr Dhrt schuldigk verbleibet: it follows a detailed list of items with the final total of 1756mk 46ß . The following sheets contain an inventory of livestock, household items and supplies. It looks as if all property is confiscated, to be charged against the not properly settled or embezzled income be. The administrator Hans Barstorff is imprisoned. What happens next with him, is no longer reported in this Act.

I have here copies of the files shown almost complete, because on one hand the circumstances at the time described as colorful, on the other hand, because it is the earliest sources. The church records of Powunden have survived until 1738. perform all acts, the family names from the period before 1738, are therefore of particular interest.

To sum up, from the sources found here in conjunction with the already known documents reveals clearly that the place Neufitte / Stombeck in 1640 by the Office Neuhausen was constituted. be located addition to the newly established Office pitcher by and by fishermen who build their own houses and make the land under cultivation: "Weill you everything from the rough andt wurzell of Grundt cause of iedtwedes müßenn " they pay in the first years no or less taxes. A new pitcher will need the official councils, because otherwise in the enclave of the Office Powundischen Neuhausen is no official pitcher, where you can brew is delivered by the farmers as a natural means of paying profitable barley to beer. Will the existing jars in the bud, and Schmiedehnen Correynen are privately owned and mostly have their own brewing right.

Sources:
GStAPK XX. HA, Ostpr.Fol. No. 7695 - Official statement Neuhausen 1634
GStAPK, XX. HA, Ostpr.Fol. 254, p. 375 - prescription Neufitte 1645
GStAPK, XX. HA, Ostpr.Fol.12677, p. 41-47 - maladministration Neufitte 1647
GStAPK, XX. HA, Ostpr.Fol. 12 679, p. 2, 3, 64, 615 - water damage Neufitte1670 + 1676
GStAPK, XX. HA, Ostpr.Fol. 254, p. 375 - Krug prescription Neufitte 1679
.

How To Tie A Snowboarding

twice simultaneously Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach

mid-June of 1516 is in the Canzley of the Grand Master to Konigsberg, a letter to one of the most powerful men in the German Reich wrote on Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach , since 1513 Archbishop of Magdeburg and administrator of the diocese of Halberstadt, since 1514 Archbishop and reigning Elector of Mainz, 1518 and the cardinal's hat goes to him. At the same time he is entitled to the prima dignity and rights of an arch-chancellor in the kingdom. Albrecht of Brandenburg after the emperor of the most important man in the kingdom! Through the accumulation of offices united in his person, spiritual and temporal power in an unprecedented extent. If it were held today that a person like Prime Minister several provinces, also the chairman of the German Bishops Conference and Home Affairs of the Federal Government would today top managers in connection with the income, would get maybe an approximate idea of the importance of the power position of Archbishop Albrecht.

The sender of the letter to Archbishop Albrecht has the same advantages and "Family" name: it also means Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach and also faces a spiritual principality, the Order Land Prussia. The selected Grand Master "ruled" not for life for the Reich belonging religious country like a sovereign prince. He originally had no emperor or other princes about themselves, only the pope in Rome as a spiritual leader. The Grand Master has become lehensuntertan after the disastrous civil war in the Order Land Prussia 1453-1466 the Polish king and thus have its exclusive sovereignty over the princely since almost half smaller religious country lost.

Both writers and who, not only the same name but are also closely related to each other:
- Archbishop Albrecht is 6 years younger brother of the Elector of Brandenburg Joachim I Nestor in Berlin. It was 1490, the castle of Colln on the Spree to the world.
- Grand Master Albrecht comes from the Franconian branch of the House of Hohenzollern, was born in Ansbach in the same year (1490). Both Albrecht
are cousins and have a common grandfather Albrecht III. Achilles (1414-1486), Elector in Berlin and Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach. The fathers of both the Albrecht brothers
- John Cicero (1486-99), Elector of Brandenburg in Berlin and Residing
- Frederick II (1460-1536), Marggraf in Ansbach and Kulmbach.
Frederick II and his wife Sophia of Poland (daughter of King Casimir of Poland and Elisabeth von Habsburg ) 17 children, tried after the death of his brother's unsuccessful 1499-regency-claims on the elector's throne in Berlin in 1515 and will enforce because of its exceedingly expensive life style of two of his older sons in the Frankish Plassenburg ex jailed and. At the time, is the 8th Child out of that line, Albrecht, in for 4 years Grand Master of Konigsberg.

, From what occasion now the Prussian Order of the Grand Master Albrecht in the early summer of 1516, the cousin to write the same name? The event is one of our ancestors: Henry of Schwichell (ca. 1480-1545), the new cannon and bell founder of the Grand Master Albrecht! In a more than 20 inches thick, covered with embossed leather Folios are all outgoing letters of Konigsberg Canzley the year 1516 recorded in transcripts. The Tome is at the Berlin State Archive. On page 32 of the thick hand-written book, I find this text:
On Freyttag by Barnabas [a] s (. Barnabas = 11:06) Have the Hoff to Maigdburg is geschrb /

... We report our Buxen master and founder, dear and faithful Hainrich of Schwichell, such as I / L / [ Your Lordship ] Ettlich bell [,] consider writing to gefallenn a large [,] lassenn in will pour in, where the alßo is to your loved UNSS friendly Bethe, sameness would Nyman anderst dan [n] Büxsengießer UNSS vergonnen such arbait then pour from vorhofft and had also become so pour me büxsen bell and [,] and wanted enough samlich among us prove [,] that I [h] me the happiness God Darzu also verleyhen Werdt [,] E / L wool / us on this Wilffarn we Sendt In vertrawen he Werdt love your erstheunen beheglich also follows that we wanted our diesel (b) E / L earning / freuntlich Please Hieruff E / L anthwort / yet ( ?) us
In the fall of 1514 is Heinrich von Schwichell of Livonia from the services of the District Master of the Order of the Baltic territory to Kaliningrad, and has been recommended for his new employer in Prussia successful first bell cast (... willing and sufficiently among us ... it proves your love Werdt also follows beheglich erstheunen ). Grand Master Albrecht takes him 1515 in service to life: one could say he is now tenured. 1516 it is apparently no current Gießaufträge in the Order Land Prussia. Henry will be the Archdiocese of Magdeburg "borrowed". Perhaps hoping Heinrich also has another career move in such a influential client.

On 10 July 1516 can respond to Archbishop Albert Koenigsberg:
Our fruntliche dinner and what we are capable of Lieb and guts alzeit, Erwirdiger and exalted princes fruntlicher dear cousin / Your Lordship write because of the book must coater Henry of Sweichel we sampt beg your Lordship [s], bekomen, and knowledge of Keynes bell we bedurffen intent can be cast, to have, hirinnt isd not work because of the negotiations among us, but it is our ettwann Capittel willing to Magdeburg Gewest WOL can pour a large bell, but if s Darzu gesynnet or not we do not know how the nu one furdgang bey have ynen was Wollenn Intentions to el fruntschafft and we liked the diesse be communicated to the best impression, then el fruntliche dinste and willefarung zuerzeigen, we are inclined to shut his alzeitt [.] Dan Hall to uff Sanct Moritzburg to donnstags Kiliani anno XVI

Albrecht of anspach Ertzbischoff of Magdeburg and Meintz Primate unnd Churfurst, Administrator of the Stifft to Halberstadt, Marggrawe to Brandenburg to Szczecin Pomern u Herzog Burggwe to Norembg and furst to Rugenn
The founder Henry Schwichel of time being remains in Prussia. In this letter, indicated for the first time the Upper German sound shift from the Low German name actually Schwichel: in Magdeburg you spell "Sweichel ( see also the story of the bell-founder Henry of Schwichel ).

we take these references as a signal to the person of Archbishop Albrecht and until the present day into acting consequences of his work to turn:
Albrecht sought in his youth by a high reputation and maintains an on external pomp and pageantry part of life that exceeds its appanage far. This leads to arguments with his brother, the reigning Elector of Brandenburg. Albrecht's pending acquisition of impressive offices and taste again a lot of money, which overwhelmed the coffers of the Principality of Brandenburg Chur. The Pope in Rome can be granted by him in any position to pay well. The actual undue accumulation of offices, which actually has not reached the necessary age for these high positions each require a special dispensation (Exemption), which drives the required sum of Rome continued in the air. The Pope at first a little sheet, approved in 1514 but still. The Fugger organize the missing sums. Thus Rome comes to his allowance, Albrecht allow the sale of indulgences in his new archdioceses. The sale of indulgences, the faithful should take the burden of sin is of the Medici Pope Leo X. to finance the new St. Peter's needed. It was customary that the respective bishop gets 50% of the proceeds from the sale of indulgences in his diocese and to flow the other 50% directly to Rome. Albrecht, however, has nothing like this, for which he is entitled to 50% immediately by the representatives of the Fugger pocketed to repay the loan (it is called a sum of 38,000 florins - the annual salary of a professor at this time is about 100 guilders).

The rest of the story is well known in broad outline: Johann Tetzel reigns of his duties in the archdiocese of Magdeburg, intimidating the people through a hell sermons to hand out plenty of drainage from face value. The theology professor and Augustinian monk Luther in Wittenberg cooks thereat the bile and in 1517 he formulated his famous theses.

Less well known is the behavior Archbishop Albrecht in this story might almost assume that he must have worked hard to get the uncomfortable silence Luther. The opposite is the case. Albrecht basks in the reputation like to be an educated humanist and peace-loving Christian who stands with all the leading spirits of his time in contact, promotes science and loves the arts. He gives himself the appearance of being willing to reform. What he would do well at the Curia in Rome a good impression. So he washed long time with words to calm Luther, by suggesting that his ideas are not so unreasonable, Tetzel brakes when he proceeds too violently silenced Rome when then rigid measures threatened against the heretical Protestants. Luther complains further to the Roman Church and polemic mercilessly, but leaves Archbishop Albrecht largely sidelined since long he cherishes the hope of him on his side (or because he stopped by royal side for political reasons for moderation).

A breathtaking splendor in his residence hall tried the Renaissance Prince Albert the spread of the Reformation to oppose something - or does he only cement his reputation as Primate Germania? The workshop of Lucas Cranach in Wittenberg from 1520-25 produced a series of paintings with more than 140 works alone Albrechts collegiate and future lay in grave hall. In addition, this representative church with precious treasures meter, relics, tapestries and religious vestments will be equipped. For every occasion to every high church festival is redecorated, the respective image of wings of the altar opened (there were 16! Altars) to celebrate the solemn prayers in an impressive way. The finest and most expensive materials of the known world to be imported, then embroidered by local artisans with pearls and precious stones, to dress the high ecclesiastical dignitaries or holy images for exhibitions or as a representative canopies, altar cloths and tapestries to delight the eye. The collection of relics of all the saints surpasses anything ever seen before. The Moritzburg in Halle will be expanded into a prestigious residence. Archbishop Albert exhausted his credit line without any regard is increasing. The best goldsmiths produce constantly new reliquaries, Monstrance, Processional, crooks, pyx, holy images and ... and ... and. On his own portrait looks a little disgruntled Archbishop Albrecht often obese, with 15 - 20 jewel sparkling rings on his fingers. Or it can be painted as a saint (eg hl.Martin above). He is told to mistresses and art historians show today which of the female saints are in fact portraits of his courtesans. He has no mental-spiritual, but also omitted any physical and bodily pleasures. Albrecht is not being plagued by ascetic desires. Unbridled ostentation, pomp and luxury self-representation to the extreme, almost manic'll discuss the contest for the most precious things in the known world, it seems to drive tragically - and drives it along with the almighty Roman Catholic Church to the brink of ruin.

Archbishop Albrecht is indeed on its title's second most powerful man in the empire, seems not have had the force required to emboss those crucial time of change. He wanted to please everyone, be respected by all. As a humanist he is afraid to deliver the Lutheran Church of Rome to the knife and has the reformer through his influence the lives saved (or recorded time, possibly even more often), but this makes the schism. At times he thinks about it to his cousin to do the same in Prussia and to convert its territory into a secular principality. He stops, however, returned to the political dangers. As more and more sovereigns to Luther's side, and the Roman apostasy, his position is faltering and he takes hesitating countermeasures (Protestants: Schmalkalden shear collar; Albrecht: Hallescher Confederation). Tragically, more and more doubts about his credibility, Albrecht extraordinary works of art must rank shamefully mortgage melt down or even because of the precious metal value can be profane. He loses the city of Magdeburg to the Protestants. He leaves his Hoffinancier the highest financial distress to make the process and pleadings in confiscation of his assets at death, what the disappointed Luther is at last an opportunity to publish one of his worst polemics against Albrecht. 1539-40 as Albrecht's nephew, the new sovereign Elector of Brandenburg Joachim II Hektor the Protestants occurs and the good Catholic Elector of Saxony Georg dies as a secular ruler of Albrecht's residence hall, can not hold in Albert Hall. The market town tends to have more faith Luther, Albrecht has been able to suppress any attempts at conversion. 1541 Albrecht must leave his beloved hall and embarks on its second archbishopric of Mainz, to take residence in Aschaffenburg - in the luggage anything that is not nailed down and. The magnificent abbey church in Halle, which was supposed to be once Albrechts launch pad into the highest ranks of heavenly realms, is cleared, the library packed with many precious volumes, the Holy Relics have to go on the trip, which is empty Moritzburg. All the pomp and glory, if they have not sold or pledged disappears-to Aschaffenburg and Mainz. In ongoing budget disputes with its local Domcapitel Archbishop Albrecht died in 1545 embittered and disappointed, was buried in Mainz Cathedral and leaves an astronomical debt. The Domcapitel in Mainz will have to sell many of Albrecht's art treasures and relics, to bring the parlous finances in a reasonably manageable order. Nearly 100 years later, the 30-year-old war will decimate the remaining resources on.

Here irritating to the question about bold historical speculation: it would also come to this terrible war, when Albrecht could not have done this in high offices? Or if Albrecht had acted decisively against Luther? Or what would happen next if Albrecht had converted his cousin as his territory into a secular principality and would have gone over to the Protestants?

.

What is the cousin of the same name in the Order Land Prussia? Grand Master Albrecht is even before the Order since 1511 but has the required fealty to his uncle King Sigismund I of Poland 1516 not yet paid. With bold excuses he can move all the scheduled dates for the trip to Krakow again and again. 1519-20 escalates the situation. Albrecht has secretly kept lookout for allies: with relatives in the German Empire, Scandinavia, and even Moscow, he studied-not very successful support for a pending passage of arms to the Polish feudal rule of the Order State finally shake off. Sigismund can deploy troops. It does have too many exhausting skirmishes that ultimately brought heavy losses for both parties and not only the question of power decided.

We agreed on a provisional Peace to 4 years between Prussia and Poland. In those years traveling around the Grand Master much to promote his business. One is interested but not particularly for the far Prussia. Luther's ideas generate unrest in the kingdom. The Grand Master meets secretly with him. Negotiations with the Polish king in Krakow take a surprising turn: 1525 there is a bold coup. The Grand Master makes the country under his orders a hereditary duchy. Now at last he makes his uncle in Poland fealty. The king can officially announced from Krakow, the Order had forfeited his right to the land since 1511 as it does not bother have to renew the feud. So he did in 1525, used his right of re-allocation. Prussia became Protestant, and in order to distance himself from the Order and the Pope as the former chief Lord.

Duke Albrecht marries 1526 the Danish princess Dorothea. From the male-dominated religious residence Konigsberg now a Fürstenhof with ladies and ladies, keep on the dynastic calculus introduced, but also representative self-expression through art, culture and science. The Reformation can develop here without hindrance and broadcasts in the neighboring country. Wise heads are promoted, schools and universities founded, printers established for Reformation writings. Although the Order sought against an imperial usurper in 1531 Albrecht night, but which is due to political instability by Luther and the princes of the empire facing it wirkunglos and consequences. Duke Albrecht is uncontested Prussia in his kingdom.

forms Over the years, the duke brought up a power-conscious elite, which wants to establish itself in influential court and administrative offices. In contrast to religious times than any commander who died was simply replaced by a new candidate, is now struggling for hereditary privileges. Duke Albrecht s wear down last years of rule by religious and political Squabbles. favorite Evangelical Protestant struggles between the direction of Albert shake Osiander and expelled from the country Mörlin the state: the majority of the clergy, supported by the people, it holds with Mörlin. The cities and the nobility also taking the party Mörlin because such a recognition of their former privileges, who hope to reach other, however, the restriction of the duke's violence on the ratio of the former Grand Master of his order. Almost the whole country is hostile to the prince, accused of favoring foreigners too much. In fact, the Croatian Adventurer and come to an alchemist Skalich temporarily unsuspected influence at court, before taking over crashes at night and fog with embezzled values to flight. The stands look for assistance in Poland. The Polish king and feudal lord of Prussia in 1566, a commission sent to Konigsberg, to restore order. The Duke's confessor Johann Funck, a son-in Osiander, and two allies are sentenced to death for treason, the detested by Albrecht Mörlin recalled and appointed bishop of Samland. New councils will be forced upon the Duke of the Polish Commission, in cooperation with the estates of Prussia. Albrecht is practically deprived of power. His will in which he shall appoint, among other things, the oldest with his daughter Anna Sophia married son Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg to succeed in Prussia-declared ineffective. He died on 20 March 1568 at Castle Tapiau deep despair at the age of 78 years, 16 hours dies after his death his second wife Anna Maria of Brunswick. The only surviving son, Albrecht Friedrich now an orphan is not yet 14 years old. The government of the duchy, remains for many years in the hands of the councils, which administer the country and its income in their favor (see also the story of Asmus Behring, who plays in the following decades ). Here, too, like one might speculate what would have been ... if? What would have happened if Duke Albrecht had completed Testament? Prussia and Mecklenburg develop into a great northern power, dynastic closely linked to Scandinavia?

is certain: both Albrechts have to accept the end of their lives bitter disappointments and the failure of their major life dreams.

Pursuit Remote Car Starter Manual Prooe4bs

Local heritage books, convenient sources for family research in East Prussia

One or the other readers may wonder how it can succeed today, family history of East Prussia in such a profound and comprehensive to explore. I had not thought of, years ago, that there is so much source material for this region. The first is always a portion of luck. The first steps leading to the questions: Are there any church records for the region, there are still in the family have enough data to be able to connect to the parish register data, which often end in 1874, the beginning of the civil registry in Prussia, .

prerequisite for entry into the church books and then later in the files of leading research archives is a good knowledge of ancient writings, a good reading skills. But one can also have it easier. Some researchers have been completely written church records, already sorted by family name and as so-called local heritage books (OFB) published.

For some areas of my research I am fortunate to have access to such local heritage books. Only he who himself once fought for centuries by church records discretion, which means for facilitating the work. On the other hand can hardly imagine anyone who has not even troubled by sometimes difficult to decipher writings, what it means to write a book and the church centuries comprehensive many spelling variations of surnames, many of the often ambiguous entries to put in order and a reliable relationship.

Who wants to get an overview of the regions already exist for such local heritage books look, use this link:
www.plew.info / ofb_allgemein.htm

appear soon Patrick Plew the OFB Holy wood, which we eagerly await. Martin, my brother, the Holy KB forest by looking for a few years ago to find out about our genealogy SCHWEICHLER in bucket of lime and surrounding towns. But over the years Many new issues emerged, have many new loose ends that would require a re-entry into the KB - never mind the old questions that remained unanswered by the first search. We know that our ancestor Henry of SCHWICHEL acquired the property in bucket of lime in the parish of Holy wood 1542 and we know that it was almost 300 years in the family. There are many filiations to surrounding property and places that we do have knowledge, but often do not exactly know how they go together because the first years of the church book records are often so ambiguous and difficult security association.

addition, a research bring the Mormons in the films often unpleasant surprises: perhaps separated right and left side of the church records recorded on different films and there is no way to be in two places to work with both films. That is, can be found on the left side of a birth record with the name of the mother and father and date of baptism and right, only the sponsor and date of birth. Or the name of the father is left to find the name of the mother only the right and the rest of the information distributed at the discretion of the writer to the pages. If the pastor as the lines fall somewhat obliquely to the bottom right or otherwise can not write very straight, are errors in the assignment almost difficult to avoid.

All these difficulties and sources of error in opening up the handle of a parish church records to OFB by professionals and solved. As a researcher, you can now "reap the rewards of" comfortable, need not bother with horrible, barely readable type styles, with ink stains on the important names, with almost faded beyond recognition writings by water stains or incorrectly exposed film runny ink. Usually, it is usually always the first work before pleasure . OFB does away with one of the first part, it is pure pleasure . From my own Experience, I can only say that the output of the OFB is always worthwhile.

Itchy Outer Thigh Rash

The dispute over Steinbach

A well-known in Germany until a few years only "insiders" political fringe figure provides again in recent weeks for foreign policy headlines: Erika Steinbach, president of the Association of Displaced Persons (BDV). Should it now - or should not - be appointed to the Board of Trustees of the planned Centre Against Expulsions? Currently it looks as if Erika Steinbach their place in the Board of Trustees will not be able to take. Why?
Germany
The Commissioner of the Polish government, both within and beyond the Oder revered expert on Germany, Concentration camp survivor and former foreign minister Wladyslaw Bartoszewski dramatized, the debate on the Personnel Steinbach, threatened by early February with sanctions if the government authorizes a designation Steinbach. He told the Polish news agency PAP also an appeal Steinbach was a "political obscenity" and indulged in comparisons with Holocaust deniers. At 17:02:09 Bartoszewski was received by the Chancellor for a confidential conversation, and returned apparently calmed back to Warsaw.

SPD, FDP and Greens, and now were left - if not already in principle against - rather skeptical or critical of caution regarding the planned center to Expulsions and do now again open front against the candidacy of Erika Steinbach. Gesine Schwan, the Federal Commissioner for the German-Polish relations and would-be President candidate on the second attempt, had announced that she was going sure assume that the SPD accept the nomination of Ms Steinbach and not also the Chancellor sure the German not set-Polish relations through a nomination Steinbach risk will.

Claudia Roth, chairman of Alliance 90/The Greens, said: "It is a deliberate provocation if Erika Steinbach displaced from their federal government now officially on the Advisory Board the Federal Foundation, flight, expulsion, reconciliation nominate 'leaves. ... Chancellor Merkel may be ducking in this most important players, not again. The federal cabinet and particularly the Chancellor must make it clear quickly that Ms. Steinbach the Advisory Council on Foundation does not belong. The 70th Year of the German attack on Poland, we need a decent memory and real signals of reconciliation, not the pandering of ancient columns, the burden for many years, the relations with our Polish neighbors . "

The Chancellor will apparently currently no Steinbach's official decision on the appointment can be announced, while other voices in the CDU and CSU approval signal. The upcoming elections this year will be a colored or other political opinion or accordingly: rhetorical Platzhirschattitüden and take verbal male gorilla posturing - even among the females of the species homo politicus.

The Polish press Erika Steinbach has not only since the government of the Kaczynski twins Episode discovered as a hate figure. It has long been the most famous German ever in Poland. But most of all, when it was in the reign of Kaczynski's the danger from Germany hyped hysterically, the Polish press went with horror news and the front pages: Steinbach as the whip-wielding dominatrix in SS uniform on the ground crawling Chancellor Schroeder is just one glaring example among many. The Steinbach had to serve as a screen for all sorts of nightmares and fears of Polish-haters Germany and secured the unwanted circulation of Polish newspapers and magazines (which partly belong to the German Springer Group).

Bartoszewski had even share because Steinbach, which he once called a "blonde beast" in Poland now as a kind of enemy of the people is and has thrown the whole issue a shadow on the German-Polish relations. Since the government has now taken over Tusk took office in Poland, efforts are being made again to a "normal" relationship with Germany. But a "blond beast" highly stylized Erika Steinbach haunted sustained in Polish minds. Now you can not simply be business as usual and forget the Steinbach-story simple. The ghosts, which are directed do not yield easily to the change of government. Bartoszewski also in Poland come under pressure after he had accused representatives of veterans organizations, have shown his fate in World War II in his memoirs for the German reader market to dramatic than it was in reality. Last year he was booed at a veterans meeting. The enemy tried to Steinbach could be an effective trophy to meet their own reputation in Poland make. Tusk is in principle at the national conservatives in Poland to German friendly and can not afford it, therefore, reasonable in the Causa Steinbach act. He needs a abdicated Steinbach as evidence of his patriotism. In Poland, there is also argued that the government Tusk had removed all anti-German agitators from their bodies and boards of directors and therefore expects the same from the German side: the "elimination" of the alleged "sniper-maker" Steinbach on the German side - an absurd horse-trading.

In Germany, Erika Steinbach was little known in the general population. Only by Polish reactions now means a significant majority in Germany know who she is. Man thinks he knows, simply by assuming times when you hear from the Polish side so loud outcry, then it must already be a abysmally bad person, so something like an ultra right-Nazi heroine. Now we think of misquotes Polish papers just to know about them. Now seems to be a nightmarish ghost with the label "Erika Steinbach to haunt German heads.

Since the beginning of her tenure, Ms. Steinbach fought tenaciously for a Centre Against Expulsions, has consistently emphasized that to the pan-European Topic with regard to the causes and effects go. Reflexively say Polish and German politicians, strangely enough, also, there you go to a revanchist company with the attempt by the reversal of cause and effect of the expulsions. The successfully designed traveling exhibition on the subject of the Kaczynski government at the time concerned with wild allegations proved the opposite.

I add a comment by Afred de Zayas, published in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung on 02.28.2009:
As American observer of the debate on the "Foundation escape, displacement, reconciliation," I welcome the decision of the Bundestag, the memorial in Berlin . I regret, however, establish the Politicization of the debate. It's all about offering great injustice and the need for reflection, so that evictions do not happen in future. There is no disagreement on the history that the German expellees have suffered monstrous.

This was back in 1945 by General Eisenhower's adviser robes Murphy, Bertrand Russell, Victor Gollancz and Albert Schweitzer noted. The current discussion is below the belt, it means scorn and cruelty to the victims. The personal attacks on Erika Steinbach, as representative of the displaced shows how little some politicians and journalists in Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic have dealt with the importance of the expulsion of human rights.

The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Jose Ayala Lasso of Ecuador, said on 6 August 2005 in the ICC Berlin in the presence of CDU leader Angela Merkel and Erika Steinbach: "I support the idea of an international center to combat population shifts to set up, whose task is not only the documentation and investigation of expulsions in the past should be, but the aim is also to prevent future evictions anywhere in the world by conducting education and increase public awareness of the horrors caused by violent Population shifts caused by developing early warning strategies and supports the efforts of the United Nations in this area. "

both in war and in peace time are expulsion and deportation of international law. The Nuremberg Judgement is operated by the National Socialists" population transfer "clearly convicted. According to Art. 8 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court in 1998 apply to evictions as a war crime under Article 7 as a crime against humanity. Expulsion can be described as genocide, if it proved the intent of the distributors state, is an ethnic group, even partially . Zuvernichten This is also the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court in The Hague. If such is considered Srebrenica genocide, so might even larger massacre during the expulsion of the Germans will be classified as genocide. International law applies equally to all. Jurisprudence à la carte is a contradiction in terms.

In 2000, Erika Steinbach, Peter Glotz, the Foundation Center against Expulsions "in order to study all expulsions, to honor all the victims -. Glotz Unfortunately, not only the German is much too early Steinbach has died. the task with Reason and vision continued. It has already demonstrated its willingness to reconcile several times. If you want, think about whether this willingness in government circles of Poland or the Czech Republic continuously available. In the years 2006 and 2007 organized the Center has excellent traveling exhibition "Forced Paths", inspired by success in the history and of human rights.

Under the Nazi occupation was the peoples of Eastern and Central Europe's immense and unforgettable suffering inflicted. The Polish, Czech, Russian casualties were therefore entitled to restitution. However, legitimate claims can not be achieved through the imposition of collective punishment because of general discrimination and without the careful examination of personal debt. The expulsion of 14 million people at that time was a monstrosity. One would set off to belittle in any way. Human rights are based on the principle of equality of men. All victims of war and tyranny is to remember with reverence, because every single human life is sacred.

The Foundation escape, displacement, reconciliation "is a forum for rapprochement and understanding. But you also need honesty and historical willingness to openly and honestly talk. It is obvious that the German expellees must be represented in this foundation, without limitation, among others, through their elected representative, Mrs Steinbach. In contrast, the Foundation would be meaningless.

The writer teaches international law at the Geneva School of Diplomacy and is a member of the Advisory Board of the Foundation Center Against Expulsions.

Tonight, on 1 March 2009, Will be debated this issue in the discussion board for Anne. In the run you can already tell in a blog his opinion http://annewill.blog.ndr.de/2009/02/27/deutsch-polnischer-zoff/ . I wrote the following in it:

I turned 15 was born after the war and have been married for 10 years with a Polish partner. My parents are both from East Prussia. My mother has spent as a young girl up in 1948 in Russian forced labor.

My parents have turned away back in the 50s by the activities of the expellees, sought to find a flawless standard German pronunciation to be never spoken in public about their origins and try to model (West) Germans. They wanted to forget the traumatic events of her youth wanted to take the harsh exclusion in the West by the over-fitting top. How the integration of the refugees! I was born into a pristine West German existence, in the period before 1949 (when my mother came to the West) simply did not occur.

I have a few years ago my family history developed through intensive research in archives and finally feel more and more ground under their feet. Now I must, however, can hold up to critical (deutschen!) contemporaries, that a family-historical reference is now on Polish or Russian policy areas of concern.

In my Polish acquaintances saw the origin of my family simply as a fact. No one feels threatened by it. It is well known by the manipulative to distinguish propaganda in the Polish press and reality. It cares not about simple and lets the public think the politicians what they want.

appear Against this background, my political eggs dances to Ms. Steinbach and her center against expulsions simply absurd. The ghosts in the minds of Polish and German politicians have to mock battles and dissonances that have to do with the Realtiät nothing more. It uses the theme, on both sides of the Oder to pursue their own interests of power.

My parents still have subtle fears that they fear exclusion if you recognizes them as refugees. They are certainly not abused as pollack or Gypsies as they did in the 50s of last century, but want to defame not be of "real" Germans because of their origin as "eternal yesterday".

I think it is a first of the inside 'political problem of how in Germany with the delicate mood of the displaced handle problems. Repression, avoidance, defamation into a dangerous impasse, reveal their excesses in the political debate. Here the policy is the responsibility of finding a clear open mind. The realization of a Center against Expulsions could signal a domestic political be that displaced persons may feel really accepted in the West German Realtität. If for Erika Steinbach has to serve as a "scapegoat" to appease the ghosts in the minds on both sides of the Oder, I think it's deeply regrettable. Only w hen it the thing was really such a sacrifice would seem justified.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

We will see how the story developed. I am surprised that no one has come in the ongoing debate on the idea that a serious reappraisal of the expulsion debate could result in a corresponding center also lead to a more honest integration of the expellees and their descendants in Germany. Darin to see a threat to peace, I find absurd. As long as one among the victims and their descendants still have to worry about the call when one does not only behind closed doors at the family home terms, integration has not really succeeded.

Free Vids From First Auditions

border disputes Arissau 1720

is longer than elsewhere in East Prussia a thoroughly agrarian society. Little wonder that ignite the existential question of land ownership and boundaries and disputes, which in turn Find their way into court and ultimately archive files.

Arissau is a Parish Thierberg belonging to village, situated in the Western Samland. The family has TRUNZ there in 1720 and a larger farm, as will appear from the file that has been for over 100 years. The Trunz still live for many generations on the farm of 8 hooves (130 hectares). There are Cöllmer, free farmers, who operate over centuries, a self-conscious political marriages go, that is, only within their prior marriages. So I'm on the far-branched Cöllmer and Kruger family of my mother with the samländischen Cöllmerfamilie TRUNZ on various Lines used several times. There is also a link with paternal lineages: a TRUNZ derivative married in the 19 Century, a daughter Krueger (located in the southwestern district Gerdauen) NITSCH from Kröligkeim.

In 1720 the incumbent holding the Trunz Arissau is threatened by an ever-so-envious neighbors. This neighbor Michael Rekindt said that it some hooves of the property was entitled to the Trunz that it had come through confusing Inheritance, by poorly documented change in ownership in earlier generations to customary rights, which are the neighbors TRUNZ benefit and for him at a disadvantage and it Now the time had to make up for this injustice.

During these allegations first decisions of local authorities to the detriment of Trunz Arissau be made. Christoph TRUNZ must watch as his neighbor harvests in a cloak-and-dagger operation the ordered fields with hired workers. The dispute escalated, it comes to assault, involving all the other inhabitants of the village, depending on who is taking whom to party.

Christoph TRUNZ addressed with the help of an advocate to the Prussian court and to his king. Friedrich Wilhelm I speak a word of power and order that the status quo, nothing changes premature be allowed until the court decided the case according to law and order. Endgütlige the decision of the royal manorial court in Kaliningrad is missing from the file. But it is likely to be very likely that Christopher TRUNZ as the winner in this case shows, especially since his opponent Michael Rekindt in the course of this discussion to inappropriate affective actions - not only against its neighbors, but also against officials of the king has-to be carried away.

plays in the conflict by Collas, John (1678 - 1753) a role: his (premature) decision in favor of the Rekindt will be lifted by the King and delegates to the competent courts. Collas was royal Prussian Lieutenant Colonel, Royal Prussian chief engineer and Levielle, versatile scholar and a famous architect. Collas came from an old French Huguenot family, was still born as Jean de Collas in the French Huguenot stronghold of Sedan, has 1685 on the repeal of the Edict of Nantes with his father and siblings as a persecuted Huguenots in the wake of Prince William of Orange (1650-1702) in the Netherlands flee. 1688 Collas-family moved to Prince to London. In the fall of 1701 comes from John Collas than 23 years as part of a trip to Asia with Imperial Count Heinrich XXIV of Reuss-Plauen to Konigsberg. In winter 1701/1702 he is Guest of Lieutenant-General Graf Joachim Heinrich Steward of Waldburg in long home, district Rastenburg, where he became acquainted with the most outstanding representatives of East Prussian nobility. Collas decided in 1703 to abandon the trip to Asia and working permanently in East Prussia and therefore initially acquires the property Dommelkeim in Samland (near Arissau). He married in Königsberg on 30 April 1716 Charlotte Pelet, from the house of white stone-believers Itten (1700-1751). Jn (a) n by Collas, born as Jean de Collas expected, the 8 years older than Jean de Bodt (1670-1745), architect of the Berlin arsenal, have been known: both persecuted Huguenots fled in 1685 as in the wake of William of Orange, then they went with him to London in 1688 and both came as architects in 1700 to Prussia - Bodt 1699, Collas 1,701th

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

But now I give my literal copies of the document may become curious reader noted. I think one or the other can understand my excitement about this discovery, which such a vivid impression on the one hand mediated by the then village life and feeling and the other, reveals how 1720 the Prussian justice system works. Well, then there is the peculiar language in the style of those days ...

Allerdurchlauchtigster Großmachtigster King, most gracious Lord. - Received 27th July 1720 -
eea. Royal Mayestät I am compelled bey now closed Hoff court to present allerunterthänigst, had what form I and my ancestors of infinite years, some Huben fields and meadows, bey the Dorff Arissau fish house's AMBT in possession, which I geaugstet over 40 year, from year sown to year, and I gerrecket, jetzo stars you but in Frey Dorff, Michel Rickindt, which maketh me some pieces in dispute, and if so would selbige vertauschet of his ancestors, angiebet. Now the thing was on the order E. Royal. Mayestaet teutschen AmbtsCammer that Ambt Fischhausen with the concurrence of the LandMeßers Reimers, untersuchet and according to her report found that I done wrong, after the time had Rickindt the chief engineer and CammerRath of Collas bequemet for examination, the been but informiret in specie inaccurate because the number of Wirth in Dorff, that He at 6:00 instead of 8 Huben struck me, and my plays the Rickindten, but I attributed the Rickindten; dabey gesetzet a Tight á 20 Thaler, who would speak dawieder. I have so burdened the bey AmbtsCammer which the matter to the nochmahls Ambt remittiret, which also left me a nearer Demonstrate open, pass through Articul alone and in terminology, which the office where witnesses ad divendu testimoniu abandoned, the witnesses have sistiret, and they want to be honest question is, sub.A. instead of questioning this stuff praejudicirliche deposition publiciret, of which I got to E.Hochadl.Hoffgericht have called Irishmen.
E.Hochadl.Haubt-Ambt I had the appeal that's up to pass away, but had E.Hochadl.Hoffgericht by beygeliegendes Compulsoriale, which the AmbtsBericht yet another gefolget express yielded to the appeal to me, and called up the Acta, as well as you allbereits introduciret have had the Rickindt pending appeal contentious pieces of my de facto sown, however, de facto augstet in the night my meadows, as he believed soldiers for work, will also stretch my field, nor commit pending appeal, because the closed court Hoff, a Attentatu over the other. There are E.Königl.Mayestaet from which beylagen et c. seen that the Rickindt about Collationes Actoru, although sine sententia, a rebus judicatii, is itself appeliret that, new Solte violence with violence will be expelled, death and murder shock nevertheless could emerge. I will not venture too such as my son and Schultz in Dorff, which itself at the sowing of Rickindten on my land, into something with words wiedersetzet, with heavy tower tightening in Ambt been considered, and nothing less it again all right, even back our country right that pending appellation dergrleichen attentata and Novation are allowed Solter. Because I and my ancestors, but the pieces arable quaestionis more than 100 years in possession had, and the thing yet, as the beylagen witness stands actuality in appeal, and the wiewoll in AMBT incomplet gantz written Acta, in Hoff court ad justificandu lie ALSS I take refuge with E. Royal. Mayestaet throne of grace, dehmühtigst pleading to protect me in my uhralten possession pendente appellation, and to get to the Haubtambt Fischausen in grace by Rescriptu that the same applies to the Michael Augsten Rickindten everything and Rencken my time Hero owned land and meadows bey 100 thr . irremissible Firm, which like to be disabled for best inhibire, even that which inspired such work need on which pieces of it to pull strongly and everything in statu quo, as it marked motu Processu been to leave, so that the shelves appeal Andi not multiplied, but each country bey the law, and where national Constitutionabus, and consequently the bey his family may be geschützet. zugefüget For a damage to me, however, by modulating the Rickindt attentati I Reservation I run my right hinkünfftig bey E.Hochadl.Hoffgericht, but comforted me in this piece royally. Protection and grace ALSS, eea. Royal Mayestaet allerunterthänigster servant Christoph Truntz , cöllmischer Einsaaß in Arissau

Christoph Trunz must apply directly to the Royal Government in Konigsberg, because the High Court will remain closed through summer. He does not write itself, but has a Advocaten asked to defend his rights in his name. In his letter the following is ordered:
Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia King p.
Lgetr. [ faithful love ] You see from the beyschluß more content, what with us for Christoph Truntz, cölmischer serving time in Arissau, because of his to-do with the Michael Rickindten case and that of this made attacks, allerunterthänigst vorgestellet and prayer. Just as now pedente appelation cheap all in statu quo must remain, so you went through the behörige therefore make available, and the Rickindten all further attacks seriously and BEY to prohibit punishment. D.31 July 1720 ~ 5 signatures : Laucken, AvRauschge, vTettau, LvOstau, Wallenrod
At the Voigt to Fischhausen
Rickindten all the attacks that he again the Christoph Truntz, cöllm. One was to prohibit eating in Arissau, bey Tight.

have apparently produced the penalties no resounding success, because addressed Christoph Trunz again to the King:

Allerdurchlauchtigster United's most powerful king, Gracious Lord - received 28th d. Aug. 1720 -
eea. Royal Mayestaet bemercken are not in disgrace, that I must bow down to abermahls dero sacred plaintive face with tears. The [n] gemeinet notwithstanding I sub.A. by the gracious Rescriptum receive so much that I had spoken pending Vite et appellations Arissau in my field, I etzliche himself at 40, but my ancestors genutzet over 100 year E.Hochadl.Hoffgericht bit into the thing would mean-Eye [ is harvest ] and Rencken can, and especially the pieces that I myself am sown, so although I was so happy that most Beyl. As the Ambtschreiber this royally. to most gracious Regulation follow, as indicated bey of Voigt and tribunal-council of TETTAU absence, the Rickindten that he should Augsten of the Getreyde what I sown, not the least alone Selbiger hatt afterwards by two days, the regulation sub. C. späth evening brought out the morning after he had been absent for many of them soldiers ohngefehr 15 men, gone to my fields, the Getreyde what I partly own and partly of Rickindt, pending Vite cut away by modu attentati sown, gathered together and run into his barn, can not it swept by the fact that the Nachbahren Dorff in the dawieder gesetzet and I on the royal in specie. Verördnung related; Rather, the ugliest of expression, which I am ashamed exprimiren me here be bey present the investigation but same is clearly Reservation me ejected again [against] this high Rescriptu, including his wife, her skirt lifted sv, and hear the same Schandwort let bit finally á verbis ad verbera come when the Rickindt and his adhaerentes the other from the Dorff Creates slammed brave, some wounded about how the investigation will identify more such bey. Although I have to watch these things with patience and a thousand tears, as my Getreyde sown by my own field, by a Frembden, otherwise useless Wirth, is broughtest frembde in barns, so I can not prevent such yet, because before Here would force law gone. The Beyl. C. uses thereof be the chief engineer and CammerRath of Collas investigation seems more again, ALSS to be in front of me, but because the Chief Engineer against cöllmische people, no Judex competens may find less his study and classification of these Dorff Creates single ingress, however, again the Dorff Creates prescriptions, privileges, Contributionis, body, and Quitbüchern like running the division from an incorrect relation herrürht interierten a country jury, I dahero protestiret dawieder and the appeal to E. so very aristocratic. Hoff court interponirt and the investigation by the chief engineer and Cammer council of Collas the actual Punctu's Controversies, about Beyme Hoff court quaestionirt, then yes revelations that when a thing is to remain in statu quo, a sententia a Judice Incompetenti or a Judice prima instantia lata, where it has been appellieret it, can not effectu Juris being taken, but the matter must remain in gantz statu quo ante as motam vitem been, and in such form in the fields Arissau must remain, like 40, bit 50 more the [n] was 100 years ago, bit E. Hoff will have verabscheidet court. But because of this Attentatu Rickindten gewaltsahm so huge and great that even death may result from shock and death because some engraved with Schußforcken dabey, others are wounded in a different kind, and the vilipendent Ungehohrsamb again E.Königl.Mayestaet gracious Regulation bizarre meritiret an exemplary punishments, the ALSS is my allerdurchlauchtigstes requests, E.Königl.Mayestaet do deign graciously, the Officio Fisci to carry this investigation in the grace that the same applies to contraventions sowoll ratione attentati, ALSS in specie of violence and the Royal vilipendent. Regulation investigate, and I pendente appellation bey protect my Possession in so far that it stopped the Rickindten, sowoll me on my hay meadows geaugstete ALSS, restituiren also the geerndte on my land in Getreyde Continenti and einzulieffern in my barn and shopping. I comforted myself in this cheap request of my most gracious being heard, which I first heritage
Your Royal Mayestaet allerunterthänigster servant Christoff Truntz

This letter seems indeed signed by Christoff Truntz , but as has been the first letter of the Advocaten Thomas Saffrau been written in his name. On the back themselves to the sender address and a clear indication field. The entire writing the first and second letter is from the same hand.
We learn from this letter that there has been Verbalinjurien in which the parties led a bad word to another, which in turn resulted ultimately in violence, in which by and by most part had the whole village.
.
The royal government has then the following:
Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia King
Lgetr. [True-Love] There Christoph Truntz is serving time in cölmischer Arissau, because of the Michael Rickindten-do and the Case of the vows you made Available but ground among us agreed with a similar Memorial, the ALSS connection [ mean the supplements are ] sheweth to many. Just as now understand our Rescriptum to by 31 of the elapsed Mohnahts July might not be such as provided by you in the Amptsverordnung the 5th approved of this month have been, but our Meynung then gone that Truntz bey his previous Possession will geschützet, and what he heard and One Eye [ reap ] Solt, zumahlen the Jeniger, which in the case of the chief engineer, and Ampt-CammerRaht by Collas, these things not heard before, is done Him from sothaner possession can not put up, but such a cheap, after prior investigation must be done by the ordinary judges by a legal sentence, so we hereby order you to worship, to make the injunction that the supplicant that which would restituiret Rickindt from those fields and the field, the supplicant till now had in possession, so on how to examine most carefully what expelled from Rickindt words against our initially erwehntes rescriptum, and otherwise bey the matter further procedure, therefore we like to pay your humble gehorsambst report. D. 29th Aug. 1720
four signatures: Laucken, AvRauschge, LvOstau, Waldenburg

At the Voigt to fish in a matter Christoph Hausen Truntzen, cöllm. Serving time in Arissau for his to-do with the Michael Rickindt case and according to the Voigt available.

This is the provisional end point in this violent dispute. The progress of the matter is in the file are not documented further. But as already stated above, we may well assume reassured that Christopher Trunz has continued undiminished his property. Also of note is the prompt response of the Prussian authorities to the input of Chris Trunnell.

John von Collas has not further profiled in the pacification of lawsuits, but is East Prussian including as a builder of famous Castles in history:
Jäskendorf district Morag (East Prussia), Castle Finck stone circle Rosenberg (West Prussia), Frederick Stone (1709-1714 for Count Otto Magnus von Doenhoff designed by the Berlin Arsenal architect Jean de Bodt) and in the East Prussian County Rastenburg Castle Städt Doenhoff (1710-1716 Bogislav for Graf Friedrich von Doenhoff according to Frederick Stein).

The Act under the signature GStAPK, XX.HA, EM 34g No. 9 found in State Archives Berlin-Dahlem.