In
has Damerau the father of Johann Ernst, Johann Friedrich Schweichler a kölmischen yard of 3 feet. As can be determined, is Johann Friedrich from bucket of lime in the parish of Holy wood. He has acquired the property in Damerau only in the 1760s and founded his family.
Looking for information on the family name Schweichler found in the APG's an article by Helmut Walsh on the history of the parish of Holy wood, and upon the inhabitants of bucket of lime 4) . In it I find more information on Schweichler: that it there since the 16th Century and established the first owner of the family estate of the bells and cannon foundry Heinrich von Schwichel is. We succeed in unequivocal proof that Johann Friedrich Schweichler from Damerau in bucket of lime is born. By clearly occupying ownership of almost 300 years of family ownership Schweichler standing rigging bucket of lime in Schwichel Henry is obviously the ancestor. I'm curious about and focus my research on this Henry of Schwichel, that of searching for further clues in the appropriate literature and look at original documents in GStAPK 5) . Who is this Henry, as he lived, what kind of life he has left evidence of where he comes, in which family connections, he can not fit? And how is it made of Schwichel the Name Schweichler become?
find in the Old Prussian biography I the next printed reference to Henry: " van Swichel (of Schwichel), Henrich (Hinnerik, Heinrich), † after 1537; vS was gunsmith, rifle and bell-founder and demonstrate 1515-1537 . He was sent to the master in Livonia and Grand Master of this obligation as a servant for life was. He received in September 1515 Paßbriefe to his wife, who was then staying in the town of Kampen, get with belongings to Prussia can. vS 1516 was made archbishop of Magdeburg named as a bell-founder and 1519 again recommended to Livonia. It seems, however, remained in Prussia and came to the secularization in the service of the Duke to be. For he was at his request in March 1537, the approval, the village Seken (also written Sefen) at Cross Castle, which was given him as a reward for his services and he his weakness sake no longer keep occupied and was able to Crafft of Vestenberg for sale. He then intended to move his family into a house he had bought at an undisclosed location by Valentin Spilman. After the First World War in East Prussia were five bells cast by him there, and that one in Marienthal, Krs Rastenburg (1518), in Thierberg, Krs Samland (1522) and Cooper Village, Krs Bartenstein (1525) and two in Medenau, Krs Samland (both 1521) . " 6)
are appointed to sources that would result from publication of the web strip in Sogn. Archive storage Göttingen and are today are incorporated into the GStPK. It also points to the book "Contributions to the East Prussian bells customer" by Richard Deth 7) , which I shall return later. I make myself in the archives in Berlin-Dahlem to work, browse finding aids and to demand records for inspection. The found archival documents related to the bells findings provide the following picture in chronological order:
07/19/1514
Wolter von Plettenberg 8) wrote to the Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach 9) (hereinafter abbreviated HM) that " master Heinrich umb furder vurschriffte ann He / F / g / [ your princely grace ] gepetenn ßeynnenthalben to give dyweile hre then begin UNSS unde UNSS gebittigere auffrichtig myth seyne ambthe ghehaltenn habenn wyr the dye not to weigerenn wissenn. .. " 10) in the collections of documents of the Order in Prussia found here the first news of Henry. It can be, as usual in those days, of his sovereign in Livonia, the Grand Master of the Order recommended in Königsberg. Nearly identical letters of recommendation for all types of royal "service" meet me again and again during my research. On the one hand shows itself in this way the rulers of their subjects weighed (the Preferred has requested and we granted the request set, the prince used his subjects, not against their will to other rulers), on the other hand, you pay your princely neighbors, his friendship, by good staff also goes further.
23/09/1514
WvPlettenberg notify the HM is the sending of the box coater, Heinrich; Tuckum, Saturday after Mauricii 1514 11) .
from one of the regular Reports can WvPlettenbergs to the HM in Konigsberg, I now infer that Henry arrives well in late September 1514 one of the traffic running between Livonia and Prussia ships in Königsberg. In Livonia means an area which the cities of Riga and Reval [Tallinn] covers, which is similar to the current states of Latvia and Estonia. One may argue, where I knew then, that this Henry because Henry of the sought Schwichel was. When I discovered all documents and evidence relating consider that consistency is clear. In the letter from Livonia says initially "Heinrich", sometimes with the addition rifle caster. In The following letter from the Prussian order, I think the first time and then again the full name of Heinrich Schwichel. There is no other period in the sighted master with the first name. In addition, a subsequent letter to Henry of the HMs Schwichel and the happened-friendly recommendation relates v.Plettenberg Wolter. The different spellings of the name I come back to this later. let
letter to the city and Burggmeister camping, but the Gemahell of love and faithful servant Henry of Schwichell with belongings and follow the confirmation of the in-service:
12/09/1515 Sunday after Brigidy 12) Adoption of the Heinrich- of Schwichell for life 13) .
Almost a year after the last mention I find here that Henry has probably succeeded in his new employer's presence. It is likely that he is placed as servants of the Grand Master's court in Konigsberg Castle. He has certainly paid cast boxes (the guns in the former mode of expression) and shown first bell and is therefore taken into service by the HM for life - one might say in modern language, certainly: a civil servant!
The Letter of HM to the mayor of the town of Kampen in the original text in many ways important: "... as he before Ettlich zeyt among you gemahell with eynem Eliche, the Ime Dan biting her kept versehenn, have, well had gemelter UNSS servant be prescribed for life to unns to service and go, and we furschryfft with busy demüttig Bethe, Ime a genetic digestion to you, Ime so these are gemahell, sampt Iren belongings searched Guttenberg volg shut his mug, which we do not have Ime abzuschlaenn Wyss, ... "
It is, first, the question of the city" Campenn "could be meant. It is here clearly an ordinary town with the then customary self-government bodies of the Mayor and Council with us today is possibly the first one on the place Kampen Sylt, 500 years ago but has met the criteria are far and not even possibly exist. In Holland there is a town on the Ijssel Kampen, located on a tributary to the Ijselmeer, a wealthy Hanseatic city with centuries-old trade routes to Prussia and the Baltic countries. This Order directs the city since medieval times up a lively correspondence and therefore seems to me as the only appropriate place.
What we have learned from the above-mentioned letter: Henry has been " Ettlich zeyt " married to a " Gemahel " in Kampen, which of their family did not initially nachzureisen to foreign is allowed. So Henry must ask convincing support from his employer. Likes to keep a capable caster in the country and prompted the mayor of the city to cooperate Kampen to the effect that " wollet not let volg not twinkling permit and you so Ime be Eliche gemahel volg mug, do beweißenn good will we fall into the same umb you blame unnd in grace is seen in front . "You would in return when the opportunity also show good will. And the regular trade relations give the opportunity. There are always arguments about defaulting payments, arrears of taxes, distrained Commercial goods and detentions. have been
convincing for the anxious parents may well be the assurance of in-service payment by the Grand Master of the Order. If you still the daughter especially with their belongings, that is a significant dowry, has not left in the foreign East, may have nachgeholfen gentle pressure by the Council Kampen.
yet another very important point speaks for the city of Kampen in Holland: there lives in his time immensely successful bells and cannon foundry Geert van Wou Wou or master Gherardus de (1450-1527). From campanologischer-term, it is the most important of his time. He has bells in Osnabrück, Hamburg, Stendal, Lüneburg, Kalkar, Münster, Xanten, Erfurt, Recklinghausen, Braunschweig, Hagen, Westphalia. made, to name just the most important in today's Germany. Geert van Wou is famous for its perfect-sounding, harmonically tuned bells. Champion Geert also maintains business relations with Wolter von Plettenberg to Livonia. Around 1501 delivered to your guns that come into conflict with attacking Russians used. Suitable cannons that burst not with the first shots and are reasonably accurate to use, may be decisive for the war. It is also noted that in 1509 John Schonenborch, a stepson of Geert van Wou, bells cast in Riga or supplied has 14) .
, From these relationships be supposed that Henry has come from Holland to Livonia, and he would have to Geert van Wou acquired his skills and worked. From glockenkundlicher view can confirm this assumption. The comparison of the production style and in 1919 by the Prussian state curator Richard Deth said special musical quality of the bell to indicate the famous Dutch master, even if these relationships are Dethlefsen was apparently unknown. The
in campanologischer (Glockenkundlicher) terms appearing sensational connection between Henry and Geert van Wou by Schwichel, however, can not yet prove by clear written sources. A research trip to Holland in the Gemeentearchief Kampen has unfortunately does not carry any relevant findings to light.
There is the time in question is not a lot of material that can be easily searched, residents or tax records, no Council records contain references to the input of a high masterly letter from Prussia.
Geert van Wou employees are not mentioned in the sparse Kampener sources in the relevant period from 1500 to 1515. If because of the widely unknown Prussian Glockengießerwall Heinrich von Schwichel ever in campanologischer literature mention is made, then so far without any assignment to a master.
1515 is the first bell cast by Henry Cooper in the village, district Bartenstein show. She wears the Minuskelinschrift: santa barbar [a] heis I beklach de al ¬ ways alive robich de death of Heinrich I svichel gos me m ccccc xv 15) details on bell is unknown. have been
In that time, Heinrich as a bell foundry in the United Otten Hagen in a circle Konigsberg country should operate. The church had three bells: a small no inscription, one of the year 1606 and one from pre-Reformation period with the following inscription:
Help / got / maria / I red / Al En / Cristen / selenium / got / store / jodoc / mvre.iii / bin / I / gen (a) nt / all miserable / associate is / / free / my / clang 16)
The indications mary i red "instead of" maria berot "and the remarkable year can read and think no more of the transmission errors resulting bell. Since this inscription also, Heinrich type is generally not used, its authorship remains uncertain. 17)
In the year 1515 can also be a bell in the woods in a circle Holy Konigsberg date:
IN PRAISE OF GOD EVICKLICH / ALLEN GELAUBIG sell / CORPORAL comforting BIN ICH / A HURKINT EIGET ME / MCCCCCCXV . 18)
This bell was recast in 1855 and held the bell saying fortunately. Striking here is the absolutely unusual text to be suspect autobiographical shares. Even if they contain the name of the caster or not is not written down, so can be produced in the overall context references, which I shall return later.
Together with the letter to Kampen (Sept. 1515) will be issued for Heinrich Paßbriefe for his trip to take home His wife: " Sonnabent brigidy and day, Is unnßrem Hoff servant love unnd getreuenn, mayster Haynrich of Schwichell, Buxengiesser, ain passport Letter from above View gegebenn word ... "and " Mondays Where by Brigidy unßerm Buchsengiesser and dear faithful, Maister [he] Heinrich von Schwichell, in his gescheffte farht and, towards the place of a Campann Paßbrieff gebenn word [s] see above [ by sea ] ... " 19)
11/06/1516
letter to the Archbishop of Magdeburg: "... we report our Buxen master and founder, dear and faithful Hainrich Schwichell of how I / L / Ettlich consider writing a large bell gefallenn lassenn willing to pour in, where is the love of your alßo UNSS friendly Bethe, sameness would Nyman dan anderst gemelte UNSS Büxsengießer vergonnen such arbait then pour from vorhofft and had become so bell me as well and pour büxsen wanted and enough samlich among us the Ime shows the happiness God Darzu verleyhen also Werdt E / L wool / us on this Wilffarn we Sendt In vertrawen he Werdt love your erstheunen beheglich also follows that we wanted our diesel (b) E / L earning / freuntlich ... " 20)
is noteworthy: ... and had become so bell me as well and pour büxsen wanted and enough samlich bey shows us ... ! The high court is masterful apparently totally convinced of Henry's abilities at the bell and Kanonenguß. It should be noted that the casting of bells and cannons on the material is hardly any different. For both you need bronze, an alloy of copper and tin in a ratio of about 80 to 20 For the tin bells must be slightly higher, otherwise the sound of muffled. For guns again, a slightly higher copper content is crucial for the durability. Fraction of a percentage point in the alloy and the purity of the respective minerals are the basic foundation for future usefulness and quality. Add to that the every detail sophisticated form, so that the desired function, a harmonic sound in a given pitch or maybe even an accurate shot is possible.
Both writers and the above document have not only the same name but are also closely related to each other:
Archbishop Albrecht is 6 years younger brother of the Elector Joachim I of Brandenburg in Berlin. It was 1490, the castle of Colln on the Spree to the world and rises to one of the most powerful men in the kingdom: Since 1513 the Archbishop of Magdeburg and administrator of the diocese of Halberstadt, since 1514 Archbishop and reigning Elector of Mainz, 1518 is also the cardinal's hat at him. At the same time he is entitled to the prima dignity and rights of an arch-chancellor in the kingdom. Archbishop Albert is named after the emperor of the most important man in the kingdom! Through the accumulation of offices united in his person, spiritual and temporal power in an unprecedented extent. The incompatibility is associated with inappropriately high payments to the papal office in Rome, which must be secured only through forced sale of indulgences, which ultimately causes the wrath of Luther with the known consequences.
Grand Master Albrecht comes from the Franconian branch of the House of Hohenzollern, was born in Ansbach in the same year (1490) and 1511 probably because of its kinship to the Polish royal family to the Grand Master appointed chair.
Albrechts Both are cousins and have a common grandfather, Albert III. Achilles (1414-1486), Elector in Berlin, the Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach. The fathers of both the Albrecht brothers
- John Cicero (1486-99), Elector of Brandenburg in Berlin and Residing
- Frederick II (1460-1536), Marggraf in Ansbach and Kulmbach.
Frederick II and his wife Sophia of Poland (daughter of King Casimir of Poland and Elisabeth von Habsburg) 17 children tried to impose the death of his brother-1499-unsuccessful reign claim to the throne Elector in Berlin in 1515 and is because of his lavish lifestyle beyond measure by two of his older sons in the Frankish Plassenburg off and imprisoned. At the time, is the 8th Child out of that line, Albrecht, in for 4 years Grand Master of Konigsberg.
07/10/1516
Archbishop Albert leaves his cousin, the HM answer: "... Your Lordship write because of the Buchssengiessers Henry of Sweichel sampt we beg Your Lordship [s], bekomen, and knowledge of Keynes bell which we have to pour considered, nor to have bedurffen, isd hirinnt not work because of the negotiations among us, but it is our ettwann Capittel of Magdeburg Gewest WOL willing pour a large bell leave, but if s Darzu gesynnet not know we was not, as a nu furdgang bey have ynen, we Wollenn Intentions el [Your Lordship] to fruntschafft and like the other news from this best be communicated to the impression, el fruntliche dinste and willefarung zuerzeigen, we are inclined to shut his alzeitt Dan Hall uff Sanct Moritzburg donnstags after Kiliani anno XVI " 21)
There are indications for the first time the later sound shift on behalf of Schwichell. Instead of the notation given in the question you answered from Halle Schwichell naturally with the spelling variant Sweichel. It remains to find the caster career with the Archbishop not a sequel, at least not by the previously discovered sources.
07/30/1517
It writes the Council of the City of Danzig to the HM-called because of disputes over claims of the venerable royal grace jack, Heinrich von Schwigchel. The " KyrchenVeters Sanct Joannis pffarkyrchen Bynner our Stat bey he dehn a hundred and LX mk vormeynt awßstehende zuhaben ... "Are not happy with the cast bell and refuse to pay the balance. The HM as Henry's employer has asked the Council of the City of Danzig, to clarify the matter. From the answer is not clear at whom to look for now is a malfunction. Do the Church Fathers protect their cash and speak eloquently the ringing or has bad Heinrich mißklingende actually created a bell? One thing is for St. John Henry has poured some in Gdansk 1515-1517 when a bell. 22)
Tuesday after Burchardi 1517
The HM can write to WvPlettenberg to Livonia, " After us your eynenn Büchsengiesser love mith name Hainrich vonn Schwichgel uff our begeren been made which arbeytt in his art and a Zeyttlangk sufficiently bey unns proves this cause we did this cause Ime, and the vorheisthen he vorsprochen be lebenlangk to us and our ORDENNE, but because he Dieweyll tayll polymers, as UNSS arbeytt ended mith pour cans mall this is so, hiking trails in E / L / unnßer freuntlich Bethe who I / L / or gentlemen, I / L / gebiette of what an Senn pour from Blanchett, the sameness of thought Maister Hainrich Schwichgell and sunst Nyman vorgonen pour ... " 23)
Heinrich " for polymers Tayll UNSS arbeytt as mith pour cans at the mall ended " and the Livonian Land Master will be asked to give upcoming foundry work only to Henry. From Livonia is in 1517 but no such request was received.
31/10/1517
Heinrich tells the HM that the gun foundry master Peter the 160 mark for delivered work have not yet received. If the command HM Dalheimer his master wanted to pay the sum, it would take for Peter Heinrich received. Konigsberg at all Christmas Eve 1517 . With this letter comes Henry the first time, even in appearance. He signed self-conscious: Williger Untherthan - Master Henry of Schwichelen . 24 suggest) The circumstances that he is well trained, can of course also write that he was dealing with high gentry and officials used to, and therefore used in a handwritten letter for a caster-colleague with whom he perhaps certain contracts cooperiert added. Documents related to the Sogn. Jacks, the canons, the Henry may have made certainly much more numerous than bells are nowhere to be found.
1518
Heinrich pours a bell in Marienthal (near Drengfurth, district Rastenburg) with the inscription: + sancta · Maria · heis Like · henrich · of more svichel · gos me · • M • ccccc · xviii . 25) The bell fits their type and font type to clear from the aforementioned bell cooper village 1515th
in January 2010 reached a total surprise me a message from Poland, that the bell still well preserved in their original location depends 26) , which today is Kosakowo. So far it is the only customer of this kind whether the other bells Heinrichs, Dethlefsen 1919 in the customer still describes his bells, 2 World War must have survived, under the circumstances is doubtful. As an example of the fate of the church bells in the Russian-occupied East Prussia, this might be the situation in Medenau " Despite the fierce fighting in the area, the church was unharmed. 1947 but it burned down in an attempt to remove the bell and was blown up shortly after. Since then, virtually unchanged fragments of the north wall of the tower and the choir will . " 27) Medenau In 1521 Henry has cast bells (see earlier in the chronological series).
03/03/1519
Dietrich von Schoenburg report to the HM from Reval " merciful Lord, Meyst Heinrich, Buchsengiesser efg, which is come to me have been Revell bey and asked me where it entkegen e / g / nit who, so who he wants to bell several hir anzunemen Revell and zugissen, I e / g / diss for modest give dz Ime in no way zuvorgonnen Sey to other end, before a bind time zupleiben long, he thinks it, dz first with the modest do want it to the bell between now and Pentecost, Wolters things any unnd so Im dan efg to ... Time ascribed, so he wanted all conditions and most leave and e / g / komen. " 28)
Time is short, Prussia is in preparation for war and a good caster will now be needed again necessary. The HM has since taking office in 1511 yet passed no fealty to his uncle King Sigismund of Poland, has always pushed back with excuses to the unpopular ceremony. 1466 the decimated, but still independent at heart religious country its sovereignty to the Polish crown has lost. 1519, no matter how cordial relationship relationship help more. The king is gradually losing patience will not go to the influence of the religious land deprived Prussia. The HM believes to a dispute can be grown and a chance. Since the disastrous civil war 1453-66 seeking the HMs religious country as best we can hope to stabilize and, where possible, to recover the sovereignty and the Peace of Thorn 1466 Poland fallen areas.
05/27/1519
This letter contains essentially instructions for the delegates of the HMs Michael v. Drah for his mission to Wolter von Plettenberg, to desire for war against Poland Armor money and food and Sogn. Communication with the Muscovites, Königsberg 1519 Friday after cantata. 29) is in the many pages of the document on the fourth down following hard-to-read little paragraph: "Maister Irem Jacobenn the old Buchssenmaister and Hainrich vonn Swichelt the book Seng Isser to say that they uffs f. .. l.. .. ß wolen to betake ~ mgf. "Apparently it is reminiscent of an exhortation to pronounce hasty return to Henry rifle and a Master Jacques.
[.? 7:07] 1519 30)
from the Registry of the HMs is the following letter to Henry in Tallinn: Is bell " Heinrich book must Caster izt Revell, written, we habenn received write your and Wyss deyn servants In no way Henry zuerlauben from hynne except this our services to be issued to you after we ENTP not can, therefore, we will send you hieneben, as you give huts, a bass Letter from Uber marriage, Upon this you last ettlich Cozy for your fallen in our name paths like bring and hither, manage and dieweyll we deyn perßonn gannz nodturfftig and you want to bey wyssenn us is to you UNSS beger You can not prevent you Wolst ... issued to us here, and not aussenpleyben " 31) Henry's servant must not
join him to Reval. Henry may no longer " aussenpleyben . The sound is amazing though sympathetic, yet urgent.
In one of the Reval Missivbücher 16th C. There is a copy of letter from 07.21.1519: the apology city Reval on the request of the guardians of the Church of the HM St.Olai because of the long stay of bell-founder Henry in Reval. In the same text is also the reason the casting of two bells for St. Olai mentioned . 32) Another source reported Revaler Council requests in 1519 the Bishop of Dorpat and Reval, he may for the opening of two new bells at St. Olai appear. 33) Heinrich leave so his absence by the City Council and will probably apologize ettlich after completion of the bells certainly lucrative contract in the summer of 1519 with " last "His back sailed from Tallinn to Kaliningrad. In Livonia time is also Swedish ore (Osemundt called) are traded, which might be needed for defense of distress in Prussia. In the former usage is "load", a unit of weight for heavy goods. The personal belongings of Henry are certainly not meant.
1521-1525
Penken In an undated report of the governor of Brandenburg 34) the RM over the villages, Waldheim, Seeber and Mori tablets in Kreuzburg (Pr.Eylau be) discussed the tax losses due to unrestrained spent peasant bodies, presumably caused by the recently ended war, and that a Jack Ripp one of the villages would replace him pledged to one of the other said. The last paragraph refers to our Heinrich:
" And night Waldtkeim desolate gantz, had mostly Henry Buchßenngiesser Ext Allowing Stathelters to fire Burgk veldt twinkling einteyls besehet, helt also Stathalter Darfur, it might champion Henry owed his halbenn myt ainem or Zweienn this village fernn zufridenn be zustellenn liked the zeyt widerumb ann EFG unnd because ORDENNE komenn Upon this MOGE EFG [ your princely grace ] seinn even care. " 35)
out of context conclusions are that Henry for his services as a caster, and perhaps also as a gunsmith, as he is sometimes dubbed, during the Sogn. to call for war against Poland rider backward pay, which is now to be repaid through the issuance of covered goods (gunmaster are well-paid specialists who know the guns to operate accurately). At the end, he shall look with Allow the governor the fields in that region. From later writings is understandable that he is above the village Seeben is left, which he then managed to about 1536th
1521
two bells are in Medenau, district Fischhausen, detectable with the following inscriptions:
KATERINA VOCOR § § § Greci GEMMA VRCE § § § ALEXANDRIA COSTI REGIS § § § VNICA FILIA PER § § E § § HINRICHVUM FVSOREM § O § § REX GLORY VENI § § § § M CUM PACE CCCCC § XXI and
MARIA GRACIE § § § MATER MATER Misericordie § § § PRO TVNCK ANDREAS § § § SCHVTZ PLEBANVS § § HENRICH VAN SVICHEL § § § ME § GOS MVcXXI 36)
That same year, Henry is also in Schippenbeil, district Bartenstein been active. Here, he leaves a bell with the following remarkable inscription: I AM SO
TTI than the winter. DE MI EGHENT DAT IS VAN DE ARDEN HORKINT. HENRICH VAN SVICHEL GOS MICH. MCCCCCXXI
" Its diameter was below 2 ½, the size 7 ½ Berliner Ellen. The size of because it was not pulled, but struck with a hammer. That same year, an average bell was cast, which he was soon a crack and then had to re-cast . " 37) That big bell at Dethlefsen not mentioned because in the 19th Century is re-cast and no longer exists in 1919. One might add that from the letters in GStAPK show that in wartime Schippenbeil no longer intact Bells for the foundry to be used that are cast after the war by Heinrich anew. 38)
The so completely out of the ordinary falling bell inscription gives rise to speculation. At this point, pointed to the very similar-sounding of the bell inscription of saints wood from the year 1515 (see above). A demand for Campanologen confirms the absolute content independent of the bells marking, which appears to be nowhere else otherwise known in this species. Here's a hidden encrypted biographical background? Did Henry of Schwichel (l / d / t) but a familiar relationship with the resident in the area of Hildesheim, handsome wealthy knights of those Schwicheldt v. 39) ? Helmut Walsh is in his essay from it. 40) I can not confirm his suspicions through my research, so I've tried. The published pedigrees of the family Schwicheldt v. 41) have no conclusive, even though it is several times the first name Henry in the 15th Century emerges.
However, it is unthinkable in the time that a member of a proud nobility and castles wealthy knight sex takes a craft and thus makes his professional rights in question. An illegitimate birth in the family environment appears to be possible, but can not be taken so far. The discussion of the name must be added that in the early 16th C. no "standard" forms exist with respect to nobility in later times. The title "of" may also indicate quite simply a place of origin, without necessarily represent a characteristic of nobility.
The first medieval ancestral home is in the same place Schwicheldt v. Schwicheldt in Peine, Lower Saxony. Possible that Henry just after his birth or origin is called, but not necessarily exclude a reference to the aforementioned knights. If Henry's name really a legitimate birth and at least 16 noble ancestors could have been detected, he would land in the Order in Prussia and Livonia completely different career paths have been opened. However, it must be demonstrated in the German states a proper marital birth in order to learn a trade under the rules of the trade. Perhaps Henry succeeds only in so far Holland to learn with the possible payment of a significant educational benefit from the cash register in his potentially high-born father, a decent job. The family dies v.Schwicheldt 1908 from the male line. Has an illegitimate descendant of that family, so to speak East Prussian side branch away from the home country held longer?
1522
The HM writes to the Bishop of Samland George Polentz 42) that he had come to my attention that the Bishop a foundry in Samland can be cast bells, which he, the Grand Master, have promised by contract, Heinrich . 43) The answer in the absence of the HMs the business of government in Prussia leading bishop that Dietrich had reported Schönburg bit too mild and widely from the bell foundry and actually he was still committed not in his diocese to follow the HMs contracts. But let Zo not I but his personal Sunder EF g [Your Highness] fallen so . Gescheen 44) The typeface of the bishop is small, regular and precise. It gives a very controlled, coolly objective impression. He seems not so much of Henry held to have and is obviously the good reputation of the founder of the HMs in the environment critically.
Thus Henry in the same year in beast mountain watering circle Fischhausen a bell weighing 25 cwt:
MARGARETHA HETE § ICK Hiner of SVIGEL GOT § MICK IN DAT JAR M § CCCCC § VNDE XXII + 45)
1549 enters the widow of Henry in a letter in appearance (see below). Her name is Margaret. Whether the above Bell dedication is at Annordnung, or whether Henry again freedom to exploit and weave in personal income, white, remains open.
is now only a bell in Fleming, Knight to name a code with the following sentence:
O sanna heis henry gos I am waiting gehanghen in your human valde DO I.
Assignment to our master Heinrich has not been established, but it could be possible. Another very peculiar wording of the bell can award of Heinrich close as author. The bell can not be dated precisely, Dethlefsen, it expects because of the clear language of form in pre-Reformation "Gothic" period. 46)
Two of Henry's bells are shown on the D-List of the Second World War as worth preserving classified bells, that is, they have not been delivered and are located on the end of the war probably at the site: 47) the bell Cooper Village in 1515 and those of animals from mountain 1522nd More remarkable is the fact that the Marienthaler bell that should not have been on the list still exists in its original location.
are no bells continue after 1522 by Heinrich documented. Presumably, he now devotes himself entirely to the management of his land ownership. As previously reported, the village Seeben him at Rye Castle in the circle Eylau is awarded.
10/06/1535
Henry gets the approval, in the city of Königsberg (Kneiphof) settle. But he should undertake in return again to his master, former HM and present Duke of Prussia "volgenn the ambitious Inn alway unnd at any zeyt Sun Inn oft meynn gestr economic furdernn H., F g seynnenn should " Henry replies out: " merciful H. gn ef [ Lord your princely grace ] is one Zweyffell WOL Indechtiglich the efg as I land gnedigstenn meynnenn Prince unnd Herrenn Have praised and promised myself Inn zubegeben keynnenn service without efg wissenn and Allow merciful Prince and Lord, I offer meynne ansehenn efg wolt poverty unnd needful, even women unnd children dye has gegebenn ernerenn got to work harder with me unnd gnediglichenn eynnenn Gunner efg lannde anzunhemen dynnst, then meynne nharunge uff lannde me MechTig difficult ankumpt, ALSS come over I can keynn gesinde uberkome, ego, so resist dafonn songwriter happen soon, feels with ungetrawer [ unfaithful ] Hanndt, ... " 48)
In other words, Henry the living situation as a land owner is not on his village Seeben advantageous and is looking around for other sources of income. With the authorization to settle in the city, open new possibilities. In our time appears very miserable self-representation is generally typical for any kind of contemporary letters of appeal to the prince.
03/05/1536
Henry wrote to Duke Albrecht: "I thu EC [ your worship ] Meyn complain knew humility, I the poor Dorff Seffen that EC given before me Meyne Dinst not oppress vil kan occupy weningher , cause I dan weak yn the narung Sey, it is the gesynde untrew and very disobedient, which makes me easy vil and work, the way I AGREED ON low back too, I Vort the poor Zyns not succumbed to this cause kan I pray gantz unterthenig EFG Wolter meyn complain merciful Heed, and I vouchsafe poor Ext grace that have mentioned above Dorff before buying the Amptmann Hern Twardogóra because yn limits seyne located and please also twinkling dorff EYN prescribing merciful, so that the Käuffer like insurance being; is continuing here, I wil EC do not sit, I 'EYN heusleyn of Her Valentin Spilman bought, Daryn zubegeben EFG EFG gesynet too long in country stay tu [.] Now I kan but the hn Valentin Spilman the Kauff not hold, that it was the EC dan me poor the Zusagebriff give Auss grace so that I may come to the expulsion of the ways I ask myself do EF Durchlauchtigkeyt poor roads can not . " 49)
After Henry has received half a year before the immigration permit to Konigsberg, now comes the next step. He has the bailiff Crafft of hard mountain as prospective buyers of his village found Seeben, asks for a decent tenure, so that the likes Käuffer Being insured and reported a house. The seller of the townhouse Valentin Spilmann than in Konigsberg juror known. 1512 is his chamberlain Schepp, 1513 Alderman in the Second Garden, 1520 champion Schepp, 1526 Alderman in the First Garden. In Junker Garden at that time people were living with only civil and political rights, council people, Scheppen (jurors), ship owners and merchants. Artisans and small traders had no access. 50)
This last letter of Henry is not only a copy, live like the previously cited response to the permit in the city, but in its original and appears as if by his own hand written. The typeface and style, in comparison with other letters of this time, quite individual, in a rather clear and direct. Order writers have, I think his time writing formulaic. Henry is the National Administration tactically clever a bit under pressure. From a memo I gather that he has Seeben only "bad" Magdeburg rights and receives only subsequently represented in documents for the sale. In the Files can be used for subsequent prescription of the village Seeben (wrongly written there Seken or Seffen), only draft letter. 51) The size of the possession, the number of hooves should be confirmed by the competent magistrate only and was left open. So everyone is accelerated, not forgetting Henry to say about his purchase already made in the city and asks for the commitment letter, the approval of its sale in order to fulfill the purchase contract with the reputable merchant Spilmann. The settlement of the sale of Seeben will probably have lasted until at least 1537, as appears from the date of the administrative inquiry of the Seebener Hooves number opens. It irritates me, however, that the immigration permit in KBG-Kneiphof is given, while the merchant Spilmann house apparently acquired in KBG-Löbenicht is (in later sources, it is precisely, a Melzenbräuhaus to Königsbergk, Genant Löbenicht in the Borck). Anyway, has Heinrich in Kaliningrad with a business environment in the always lucrative brewery fed.
12/05/1542
The treasurer George Ogelin 52) gets awarded by Duke Albrecht country in bucket of lime, which he immediately exchanged with Henry of Schweicheln against its (Mälzenbräuer) town house in Kaliningrad Löbenicht "Letter from George Ogelins exchange with Henry of Schweicheln done Anno 1542" 53) . The treasurer has probably preferred to directly purchase property in the city. Heinrich must still have had good contacts to the ducal court, that here he responds immediately. There must be houses or barns broken bucket of lime on the property, repaired or rebuilt, it is free from charges for services, and Henry, and spent the next generations. After that it is subject to the normal duties but without the Magdeburg law 54) restrict . The individual specifically identified areas in hooks and hooves to give a total size of today's mass about 120 hectares.
In later documents, for the good bit more clearly specified seven hooves and 1 acre of land 55) . The largest (not aristocratic) farm in the village bucket of lime and in the region will remain for the next 3 century onwards in the family. The proximity to King Mountain and the desired location in the fertile Pregelniederungen Heinrich seem to have finally satisfied after 6-7 years of urban life. Only 100 years later the Döhnhoffs acquire it were in the neighborhood, on the other side of the Pregel, vast land, then built on the 1717, the well-known castle Friedrich Stein.
appears in the existing name prescription 1542 Schwichel in a more modern spelling: Schweichel it states several times. The Upper German sound shift from i after an is in the name spelling in the 16th Century gradually in Prussia, while in Lower Saxony, the German spelling Schwicheldt down to modern times has. The permanent import of administrative professionals from the Franconian region shapes the language of sustainable office in Prussia.
Henry has used on his early bells still clearly Low German spelling variant van Swichel. At the beginning of the 16th C. he will be with the Low German of Holland to Livonia still got along well. Low German is in Livonia sometimes not written in the law firms. High German as an official language there is more hesitant than in Prussia.
1549
writes The widow Margaret of Schwichel to Duke Albrecht: "... But meyn blessed one died and I know with ALSS ALSS Meyner beyder guardian in the selfsame set gutt how will my poor Wit [i] very bfrawen difficult to obtain. Sun wants me nuhmals force EFG Hauptman to Waldaw Wolff Geyler to scratching and factory dryngen which I formals befreyet Bynner and even how the prescription indicates clar auff I pull me thu.
Dar has also merciful Lord to and fro my Ehlich you and I had a pond or etwan see. Dar Inne BC notturfft gefisschet to our tables. So we also of Jar ously, four Bismarck must Zynsen. The sameness of the Hauptman entzocht fisscherey us too. This I Leyde because with the notable meynigen nachteyll to Meyner narung. Wherefore merciful prince and I Please Her poor forsaken Wit [i] Wolter bfrau EFG EFG me with humility Gantzer poor women and the Meynell erscheynen Sun merciful and befelen of the Hauptman Waldaw and merciful dahyn Weysen that I get poor Witbfrau with the Meynell about our befreyhung Megen and will also be urged to Keynes factory scraping against equitable. There also will be thrilled addition, the bey fysscherey we always her up, the Zinsser had umb continuously, EFG auff Bewell [ command ] bleyben and get ... " 56) The letter is undated
in the original, but was provided by archivists with a pencil notation "1549". Thus one can now assume that Henry died 1542-1549. Probably tried the Waldauer Stewart 57) shortly after he received of the death of Henry's message, increase revenue and services for the benefit of his duties at the expense of the privileges of this great free good. But the prescription says clearly that even the following generation of owners of Henry remains free of taxes and services and host plant requirements are not demanding in the future. Thus widow Margareta certainly a confirmation of their self-confidence defending rights have received.
Although the prescription provided "dienenn to with pferdt and armor, shouting after this country gained health to all, herfarten and Landtweren, requires as thick and oft sye, schuldigk be " loses on of such conferred free goods burdensome duty to defend the country more and more important. The outdoors are often incomplete and not very proficient in armed hostilities. Mercenary armies come into fashion. Therefore, the general office administrations go about this, as a replacement to ask for little more defense responsibilities required of other services. This is sparking nationwide protests from many.
The life of Heinrich von Schwichel data can be estimated as follows according to the present findings: born about 1480 probably in Lower Saxony, perhaps marriage between 1510-13 in Kampen in the Netherlands, died in the 1540s in bucket of lime (about 15 km east King Mountain north of the Pregel).
opens up in the overall picture is an amazingly eventful life. Trained in the economically and artistically sophisticated Netherlands Heinrich presumed on orders of his master, Geert van Wou first to Livonia. He uses the physical distance, there is likely to first independently as moulders . Work In the fall of 1514 Henry comes to Konigsberg and witnesses a fairly turbulent time: the structures of the medieval Teutonic state have had their day, the young Grand Master strives for independent sovereignty, is 1520 war with Poland because of the not yet filed fealty, both countries are exhausted in grueling skirmishes without a decisive victory, the question of power in 1525 following the conversion of religious country into a secular duchy in connection with the Reformation in Prussia - all in the ground-breaking breaks with revolutionary explosive force that must be mastered yet surprisingly peaceful. From the Grand Master's court in Konigsberg, that of a celibate Male society has survived without pre-dynastic calculus, a ducal residence with "ladies" and now a special interest in an advantageous marriage policy, presentable in splendor, in art and culture of an era that will later call the Renaissance. 58)
about 1575-85
titled In a file " list of interest and host plant performance and pay of the ushers in the Chamber Office Waldau 1585 " I find among many complaints of Frey in the Cammeramt Waldau a small administrative note on Henry's estate in bucket of lime: - [.]
Heinrich von Schweicheln Seine hantfest Wrote d 12 to 42, this may Henry and the NEGST owners DESS Gutts DESS scharwergs to cottages to the house and falls break to bessernn od gefrey before but by the same die [s] to the nachkömlinge such (also unschedlich and unnachteilig of Magdeburg rights) wi often and admit where si ... expectant [s] also brushed his vorbunden dinst to do [.] The son is still lebenn nu. 59)
are not providing any of the required services to provide. In general it is in the works referred to as repair work on "public buildings" as the official palace in Waldau, school or church and ways improvement works. The free fight back against it because they legitimately a status reduction feared. You do not want to level-dependent host plant farmers sink, which are then forced as needed to more and more services.
1613
Through a surveyor plots Office Waldau be re-measured and checked the area. It turns out that the good Schweichelschen missing "Kalkeyhm" a Hube and 2 ½ acres of land. Apparently, no one can understand how it happened. Official hand, the accuracy of the measurement result is confirmed. The owner Peter Schweichel thereat will be brought before his Elector Johann Sigismund 60) and asks for compensation of the defect:
"... When then merciful Churfs: andt Lord, bey, highly commendable blessed Albrecht Marggraffenn reigns ground Deroselbenn grandfather, my Seeliger Dear gutt father Henry vonn Schweicheln, such my in besizhabendes in By alternating Sell Undt exchange, gegenn assignments of Melzenbräuhauses to Königsbergk, Löbenicht the Borck Genant ann, is brought Undt the time of his life as a getreuren servant oblieget, bedienet a Büchßenmeisterdinst, I in my Jugendt, first lichen to E: Churfs: By: Hope in Preussenn bey the then governing Because Mr. Schaff, sowoll ann other Fürstenn Undt Herrnn Hoffe, let me use gleichßfalß inn services, but in solchenn Die diene Stenn, a Guttenberg part of my gesundtheit auffgesezt how ego 83 andt befünd in erreichtenn jhar, ALSS now reaches ann E: Churfs: H: ask my Undterthenigstes, geruhenn them, are zuerzeugen because Gnedigstenn Churfürstenn, Undt Herrnn me Undt still Benante Mangell to Add to ersezenn gutte ... " 61)
I learn from this enjoyable with numerous biographical interjections interspersed letter that Peter is a son of Henry, probably in the said office memorandum of 1580s as" nu is still is mentioned at the lebenn . This has now reached in 1613 a truly very old age of 83, is thus about 1530 in Seeben born and has done a service rifle champion in Prussia and other princes. He is bold, a reference to his father, Henry of Schweicheln bey, highly commendable blessed Albrecht Marggraffenn reigns Deroselbenn ground her grandfather the current rule. "Ground Deroselben grandfather," an allusion to Anna of Prussia and Jülich-Cleves-Berg, the 1594 is the daughter of Duke Albert Frederick of Prussia and granddaughter married Duke Albrecht in Berlin.
The wife Elector Johann Sigismund brings the Electorate of Brandenburg as a patrimony, the Duchy of Prussia. In addition, the mother's side also very desirable Duchy of Jülich-Cleves-Berg on the Lower Rhine in the far west of the kingdom, which, after successful passing the inheritance discussion also covered by the Berlin government.
Peter replaced him arguably the country's lack of space. In the file, I also think location and survey sketches. The surfaces of the Schweich Kindler good range of up to Altsitt bucket of lime, and to the Pregelufer. But just a few years or decades later, a neighbor in bucket of lime, the Wangnick is selling a hoof. Perhaps the alternative, granted to the country has had an unfavorable situation and the new bucket of lime-based owner may have been able to pay and willing magnification. Since the mid 17th Century recorded the official register, only an area of 6 hides and 1 acre owned by the Schweichel. However, it remains by far the largest non-noble estate in the region. From Schweichel is gradually Schweichler. From 18 Century has established this notation, the only in the 19 C. occasionally especially proper write-meaning pastors to temporarily vary Schweigler. In the East Prussian dialect rather soft as J or G CH spoken educated men now want to correct with a sharp pen, even where it does not have existed.
The Peter Schweichel subsequent generations have farmed only a very down to earth, the family estate. Caster or gunmaster serving the country's domination or foreign prince is under the existing Kenntisstand become no one. It is likely, however, that many well-educated scions of this family in the nearby town of Königsberg in administration, commerce and trade other career paths have taken. In the following centuries mention the name or the variation Schweichler Schweichel occasionally in prominent positions. These threads must be pursued.
The church book records in the bucket of lime in charge of the parish of Holy woods begin in 1671, but before 1700 usually contain inaccurate information so that family ties are often not reliable assign them. In the births are missing the names of mothers in the marriage registers are only scarce information is given without naming names of the parents or age of the spouse. Again and again the same first name often difficult without additional evidence to be uniquely identified. In the death records are missing first names and ages. Since the start of an church records, there are already several Schweichler lines in different places of the parish and beyond, so that it becomes difficult to understand early filiations. Secondary sources are not only for the period before the Kirchenbuchnotaten important, but then essential in order to reconstruct the succession of generations and misunderstandings help to clarify. In GStAPK in Berlin, I think in the files of Etatsminsteriums in Waldau's Cammeramtsrechnungen and files of the Office Neuhausen, in the Präestationstabellen Mühlenconsignationen and numerous references.
For Holy forest is given out since 2009 by Patrick Plew Family Book 62) before , which is also once again been of great help to close gaps in their own research to confirm or uncertain relationships. The
today in Germany quite rare surname Schweichler
63) in East and West Prussia to take something more frequent and have been widely used. For all these Name carriers originating in East Prussia presented here is assumed by Heinrich Schwichel as ancestor.
This essay seems to me to print in the series "Old Prussian Genealogy (APG) in the band of 2011. The APG and numerous other writings on the research area are issued by the>> Association for Family Research in East and West Prussia << (VfFOW), der im Jahre 1925 in Königsberg gegründet wurde und dessen Mitglied ich bin. Siehe auch http://www.vffow.de/ ___________________________
Notes:
- 1) The following contemporary writing can be detected: from Schwichell in Schwichelt in Schwicheldt, of Schweichel, van Swichel, van Swichell, van Swichelt. The sake of clarity I use in this paper throughout the writing of Schwichel.
- 2) = Campanologie bells customer
- 3) Stombeck and Sogn. Powundischen Probsteydörfer were originally under the Office Neuhausen. The Neuhausensche enclave on the Curonian Spit was not until the 1730s to the Office Schaaken.
- 4) APG 1982, p. 107ff (Old Prussian Genealogy, published by the VFFOW)
- 5) Secret State Archives Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin-Dahlem
- 6) Old Prussian Biography, Volume II, 1967, p. 719
- 7) Richard Deth: Contributions to East Prussia. Bell customer, KBG. 1919
- 8) * in 1450, master of the country Dt.Ordens in Livonia, + 02.28.1535
- 9) * 05.17.1490 in Ansbach, 1511 37th HM the Dt.Ordens, 1525 1st Duke of Prussia, + 03.20.1568 in Tapiau
- 10) GStAPK, XX. HA, OBA 20 153
- 11) GStAPK, XX. HA, OBA 20 220
- 12) In the first decades of the 16th Century is called the date to be in this form, in relation to cath. Holy name. Only after the Reformation is made in Prussia by the numbering of days in respect of a month.
- 13) GStAPK, XX. HA, of 37 p.48
- 14) CNFehrmann: De Kamper Klokgieters, Kampen 1967, p.114-115, 214, 290
- 15) Richard Deth: Contributions to East Prussia. Bell customer, KBG. 1919, p. 8 - The inscription indicated there heinrich von buchlt a read error - see: Old Prussian biography Bd.II, 1967, S.719, "The imprints preserved in the Heritage Office can significantly svichel will also recognize. the be robich rov in I to correct. "
- 16) W.Dignath / H.Ziesmann: The churches in Samland, 1987, p.62. Note: This type of inscription in the rest of eastern Germany is widespread and reads in full: "God's help, Maria berot (= advise) that what I start, find a good end." The incomplete character for 'jodoc (us) "may be have heard the name Caster.
- 17) Yearbook of bells customer 2007/2008, S.486 ff
- 18) Dignath / Ziesmann (note 16) p.73
- 19) GStAPK, XX. HA OF S.353
- 20) GStAPK, XX. HA, p. 32
OF - 21) GStAPK, XX. HA, OBA 20 937
- 22) GStAPK, XX. HA, OBA 21 469
- 23) GStAPK, XX. HA, OF 39, p.222
- 24) GStAPK, XX. HA, OBA
- 21 574 25) R. Dethlefsen: Contributions to osptr. Bell customer, KBG. 1919, p.9
- 26) email from Krzystof Woloszscak from Ke, trzyn (Rastenburg)
- 27) www.plew.info / verteiler_regionen.htm # Medenau
- 28) GStAPK, XX. HA, OBA 22 373
- 29) GStAPK, XX. HA, OBA 22 485
- 30) day and month, I can not reconstruct reliably, I took a pencil archival report.
- 31) GStAPK, XX. HA, OF 42, S.393
- 32) Tallinna Linnaarhiiv, Communication Dr. Juhan Kreem
- 33) Gotthard v.Hansen: The churches and former monasteries Reval, 1885, p.207
- 34) meant here is of course the Vistula Lagoon in the town of Brandenburg (East) Prussia
- 35) GStAPK, XX. HA, OBA
- 27 644 36) R. Dethlefsen, contributions to East Prussia. Bell customer, KBG. 1919, p.9
- 37) Gustav leech: The city Schippenbeil with the consideration of the parish and the neighborhood, KBG. 1874, p.236; and Daniel Henry Grossman, collected news from the East Prussian city Schippenbeil, Kbg.1778, p.104.
- 38) GStAPK, XX. HA, OBA 24 146: 11.09.1520 Heinrich v.Kittlitz due to HM Revenue v. Church bells used to Schippenbeil and Leunenburg for gun casting, also partially OBA 24191st
- 39) since the Middle Ages detectable noble family in Lower Saxony, which is collected in 1792 in the imperial counts and Count Kurdt v.Schwicheldt 1908 in male line dies out.
- 40) Helmut Walsh: The residents of APG bucket of lime in 1982, S.107ff
- 41) F. Vogel: Experimental a sexual history of the Imperial House of Gräflicher Schwicheldt, Celle 1823
- 42) George of Polentz (1478 - 1550), bishop from 1518 to 1550.
- 43) GStAPK, XX. HA, OF 49, S.39a
- 44) GStAPK, XX. HA, OBA
- 25 791 45) R. Dethlefsen, contributions to East Prussia. Bell customer, KBG. 1919, p.5; the inscription is probably faulty read: NETELLER is in place Dethlefsen HETE; SVIGEP SWICHEL or perhaps should be called SWIGEL.
- 46) R. Dethlefsen; contributions to East Prussia. Bell customer, KBG. 1919, p.6
- 47) Yearbook of bells customer 2007/2008, p. 486ff
- 48) GStAPK, XX. HA, East Prussia. Fol 1134 (1535, Ratbuch of Kneiphof), p. 150 letter a copy in Ratbuch
- 49) GStAPK, XX. HA, EM 83b, No. 10, original letter of Heinrich von Schwichel
- 50) APG 1934, p.57
- 51) GStAPK, XX. HA, EM 83b, No. 10
- 52) The treasurer is responsible for the finances of the provincial administration.
- 53) GStAPK, XX. HA, Ostpr.Fol. 915, S.406, back starting
- 54) Original: inheritable to Magdeburg right unnd beyden Kynden hereditary unnd ever zubesytzen = in male and female line!
- 55) hooves and Huben, square measure in Prussia: 1 Hube = 30 acres = 16.81 hectares (to 1577), 17.339 ha (from 1577-1721), 1 tick = 20 acres = 2 / 3 = hooves specific measure of land owned by the Old Prussian natives. The name goes back to the traditional Old Prussian plow with which we managed to work less than a furrow plow the German settlers.
- 56) GStAPK, XX. HA, EM 102d3 4: request of the widow of Henry Schwich to preserve their privileges
- 57) Waldau, about 15 km east of Koenigsberg, is the seat of the competent Cammeramts
- 58) Wulf D. Wagner: Konigsberg castle, a building-XX History and Culture, Volume 1, Regensburg 2008
- 59) GStAPK. HA EM 102h3, No. 16, p.50, last Letterhead of the Act, undated
- 60) * 1572, Elector of Brandenburg since 1608, + 1619 in Berlin
- 61) GStAPK, XX. HA, EM 102g1, No. 17, the Act is titled incorrectly: ie instead Peter there Paul Schweichel border matters
- 62) Patrick Plew: OFB Holy See Walde www.plew.info / ofb_heiligenwalde.htm
- 63) Germany currently 80 phone book entries in the name SCHWEICHLER, among which appear a number of double entries.
addition would be noted that the term Cöllmer / Kölm or the adjective cöllmisch / kölmisch an owner indicates that his Country to full property rights occupies and to dispose of it completely independently. The term dates back to Sogn. culmischen law, named after the city of Culm, one of the first city founded in the Dt.Ordens in Prussia.
