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twice simultaneously Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach

mid-June of 1516 is in the Canzley of the Grand Master to Konigsberg, a letter to one of the most powerful men in the German Reich wrote on Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach , since 1513 Archbishop of Magdeburg and administrator of the diocese of Halberstadt, since 1514 Archbishop and reigning Elector of Mainz, 1518 and the cardinal's hat goes to him. At the same time he is entitled to the prima dignity and rights of an arch-chancellor in the kingdom. Albrecht of Brandenburg after the emperor of the most important man in the kingdom! Through the accumulation of offices united in his person, spiritual and temporal power in an unprecedented extent. If it were held today that a person like Prime Minister several provinces, also the chairman of the German Bishops Conference and Home Affairs of the Federal Government would today top managers in connection with the income, would get maybe an approximate idea of the importance of the power position of Archbishop Albrecht.

The sender of the letter to Archbishop Albrecht has the same advantages and "Family" name: it also means Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach and also faces a spiritual principality, the Order Land Prussia. The selected Grand Master "ruled" not for life for the Reich belonging religious country like a sovereign prince. He originally had no emperor or other princes about themselves, only the pope in Rome as a spiritual leader. The Grand Master has become lehensuntertan after the disastrous civil war in the Order Land Prussia 1453-1466 the Polish king and thus have its exclusive sovereignty over the princely since almost half smaller religious country lost.

Both writers and who, not only the same name but are also closely related to each other:
- Archbishop Albrecht is 6 years younger brother of the Elector of Brandenburg Joachim I Nestor in Berlin. It was 1490, the castle of Colln on the Spree to the world.
- Grand Master Albrecht comes from the Franconian branch of the House of Hohenzollern, was born in Ansbach in the same year (1490). Both Albrecht
are cousins and have a common grandfather Albrecht III. Achilles (1414-1486), Elector in Berlin and Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach. The fathers of both the Albrecht brothers
- John Cicero (1486-99), Elector of Brandenburg in Berlin and Residing
- Frederick II (1460-1536), Marggraf in Ansbach and Kulmbach.
Frederick II and his wife Sophia of Poland (daughter of King Casimir of Poland and Elisabeth von Habsburg ) 17 children, tried after the death of his brother's unsuccessful 1499-regency-claims on the elector's throne in Berlin in 1515 and will enforce because of its exceedingly expensive life style of two of his older sons in the Frankish Plassenburg ex jailed and. At the time, is the 8th Child out of that line, Albrecht, in for 4 years Grand Master of Konigsberg.

, From what occasion now the Prussian Order of the Grand Master Albrecht in the early summer of 1516, the cousin to write the same name? The event is one of our ancestors: Henry of Schwichell (ca. 1480-1545), the new cannon and bell founder of the Grand Master Albrecht! In a more than 20 inches thick, covered with embossed leather Folios are all outgoing letters of Konigsberg Canzley the year 1516 recorded in transcripts. The Tome is at the Berlin State Archive. On page 32 of the thick hand-written book, I find this text:
On Freyttag by Barnabas [a] s (. Barnabas = 11:06) Have the Hoff to Maigdburg is geschrb /

... We report our Buxen master and founder, dear and faithful Hainrich of Schwichell, such as I / L / [ Your Lordship ] Ettlich bell [,] consider writing to gefallenn a large [,] lassenn in will pour in, where the alßo is to your loved UNSS friendly Bethe, sameness would Nyman anderst dan [n] Büxsengießer UNSS vergonnen such arbait then pour from vorhofft and had also become so pour me büxsen bell and [,] and wanted enough samlich among us prove [,] that I [h] me the happiness God Darzu also verleyhen Werdt [,] E / L wool / us on this Wilffarn we Sendt In vertrawen he Werdt love your erstheunen beheglich also follows that we wanted our diesel (b) E / L earning / freuntlich Please Hieruff E / L anthwort / yet ( ?) us
In the fall of 1514 is Heinrich von Schwichell of Livonia from the services of the District Master of the Order of the Baltic territory to Kaliningrad, and has been recommended for his new employer in Prussia successful first bell cast (... willing and sufficiently among us ... it proves your love Werdt also follows beheglich erstheunen ). Grand Master Albrecht takes him 1515 in service to life: one could say he is now tenured. 1516 it is apparently no current Gießaufträge in the Order Land Prussia. Henry will be the Archdiocese of Magdeburg "borrowed". Perhaps hoping Heinrich also has another career move in such a influential client.

On 10 July 1516 can respond to Archbishop Albert Koenigsberg:
Our fruntliche dinner and what we are capable of Lieb and guts alzeit, Erwirdiger and exalted princes fruntlicher dear cousin / Your Lordship write because of the book must coater Henry of Sweichel we sampt beg your Lordship [s], bekomen, and knowledge of Keynes bell we bedurffen intent can be cast, to have, hirinnt isd not work because of the negotiations among us, but it is our ettwann Capittel willing to Magdeburg Gewest WOL can pour a large bell, but if s Darzu gesynnet or not we do not know how the nu one furdgang bey have ynen was Wollenn Intentions to el fruntschafft and we liked the diesse be communicated to the best impression, then el fruntliche dinste and willefarung zuerzeigen, we are inclined to shut his alzeitt [.] Dan Hall to uff Sanct Moritzburg to donnstags Kiliani anno XVI

Albrecht of anspach Ertzbischoff of Magdeburg and Meintz Primate unnd Churfurst, Administrator of the Stifft to Halberstadt, Marggrawe to Brandenburg to Szczecin Pomern u Herzog Burggwe to Norembg and furst to Rugenn
The founder Henry Schwichel of time being remains in Prussia. In this letter, indicated for the first time the Upper German sound shift from the Low German name actually Schwichel: in Magdeburg you spell "Sweichel ( see also the story of the bell-founder Henry of Schwichel ).

we take these references as a signal to the person of Archbishop Albrecht and until the present day into acting consequences of his work to turn:
Albrecht sought in his youth by a high reputation and maintains an on external pomp and pageantry part of life that exceeds its appanage far. This leads to arguments with his brother, the reigning Elector of Brandenburg. Albrecht's pending acquisition of impressive offices and taste again a lot of money, which overwhelmed the coffers of the Principality of Brandenburg Chur. The Pope in Rome can be granted by him in any position to pay well. The actual undue accumulation of offices, which actually has not reached the necessary age for these high positions each require a special dispensation (Exemption), which drives the required sum of Rome continued in the air. The Pope at first a little sheet, approved in 1514 but still. The Fugger organize the missing sums. Thus Rome comes to his allowance, Albrecht allow the sale of indulgences in his new archdioceses. The sale of indulgences, the faithful should take the burden of sin is of the Medici Pope Leo X. to finance the new St. Peter's needed. It was customary that the respective bishop gets 50% of the proceeds from the sale of indulgences in his diocese and to flow the other 50% directly to Rome. Albrecht, however, has nothing like this, for which he is entitled to 50% immediately by the representatives of the Fugger pocketed to repay the loan (it is called a sum of 38,000 florins - the annual salary of a professor at this time is about 100 guilders).

The rest of the story is well known in broad outline: Johann Tetzel reigns of his duties in the archdiocese of Magdeburg, intimidating the people through a hell sermons to hand out plenty of drainage from face value. The theology professor and Augustinian monk Luther in Wittenberg cooks thereat the bile and in 1517 he formulated his famous theses.

Less well known is the behavior Archbishop Albrecht in this story might almost assume that he must have worked hard to get the uncomfortable silence Luther. The opposite is the case. Albrecht basks in the reputation like to be an educated humanist and peace-loving Christian who stands with all the leading spirits of his time in contact, promotes science and loves the arts. He gives himself the appearance of being willing to reform. What he would do well at the Curia in Rome a good impression. So he washed long time with words to calm Luther, by suggesting that his ideas are not so unreasonable, Tetzel brakes when he proceeds too violently silenced Rome when then rigid measures threatened against the heretical Protestants. Luther complains further to the Roman Church and polemic mercilessly, but leaves Archbishop Albrecht largely sidelined since long he cherishes the hope of him on his side (or because he stopped by royal side for political reasons for moderation).

A breathtaking splendor in his residence hall tried the Renaissance Prince Albert the spread of the Reformation to oppose something - or does he only cement his reputation as Primate Germania? The workshop of Lucas Cranach in Wittenberg from 1520-25 produced a series of paintings with more than 140 works alone Albrechts collegiate and future lay in grave hall. In addition, this representative church with precious treasures meter, relics, tapestries and religious vestments will be equipped. For every occasion to every high church festival is redecorated, the respective image of wings of the altar opened (there were 16! Altars) to celebrate the solemn prayers in an impressive way. The finest and most expensive materials of the known world to be imported, then embroidered by local artisans with pearls and precious stones, to dress the high ecclesiastical dignitaries or holy images for exhibitions or as a representative canopies, altar cloths and tapestries to delight the eye. The collection of relics of all the saints surpasses anything ever seen before. The Moritzburg in Halle will be expanded into a prestigious residence. Archbishop Albert exhausted his credit line without any regard is increasing. The best goldsmiths produce constantly new reliquaries, Monstrance, Processional, crooks, pyx, holy images and ... and ... and. On his own portrait looks a little disgruntled Archbishop Albrecht often obese, with 15 - 20 jewel sparkling rings on his fingers. Or it can be painted as a saint (eg hl.Martin above). He is told to mistresses and art historians show today which of the female saints are in fact portraits of his courtesans. He has no mental-spiritual, but also omitted any physical and bodily pleasures. Albrecht is not being plagued by ascetic desires. Unbridled ostentation, pomp and luxury self-representation to the extreme, almost manic'll discuss the contest for the most precious things in the known world, it seems to drive tragically - and drives it along with the almighty Roman Catholic Church to the brink of ruin.

Archbishop Albrecht is indeed on its title's second most powerful man in the empire, seems not have had the force required to emboss those crucial time of change. He wanted to please everyone, be respected by all. As a humanist he is afraid to deliver the Lutheran Church of Rome to the knife and has the reformer through his influence the lives saved (or recorded time, possibly even more often), but this makes the schism. At times he thinks about it to his cousin to do the same in Prussia and to convert its territory into a secular principality. He stops, however, returned to the political dangers. As more and more sovereigns to Luther's side, and the Roman apostasy, his position is faltering and he takes hesitating countermeasures (Protestants: Schmalkalden shear collar; Albrecht: Hallescher Confederation). Tragically, more and more doubts about his credibility, Albrecht extraordinary works of art must rank shamefully mortgage melt down or even because of the precious metal value can be profane. He loses the city of Magdeburg to the Protestants. He leaves his Hoffinancier the highest financial distress to make the process and pleadings in confiscation of his assets at death, what the disappointed Luther is at last an opportunity to publish one of his worst polemics against Albrecht. 1539-40 as Albrecht's nephew, the new sovereign Elector of Brandenburg Joachim II Hektor the Protestants occurs and the good Catholic Elector of Saxony Georg dies as a secular ruler of Albrecht's residence hall, can not hold in Albert Hall. The market town tends to have more faith Luther, Albrecht has been able to suppress any attempts at conversion. 1541 Albrecht must leave his beloved hall and embarks on its second archbishopric of Mainz, to take residence in Aschaffenburg - in the luggage anything that is not nailed down and. The magnificent abbey church in Halle, which was supposed to be once Albrechts launch pad into the highest ranks of heavenly realms, is cleared, the library packed with many precious volumes, the Holy Relics have to go on the trip, which is empty Moritzburg. All the pomp and glory, if they have not sold or pledged disappears-to Aschaffenburg and Mainz. In ongoing budget disputes with its local Domcapitel Archbishop Albrecht died in 1545 embittered and disappointed, was buried in Mainz Cathedral and leaves an astronomical debt. The Domcapitel in Mainz will have to sell many of Albrecht's art treasures and relics, to bring the parlous finances in a reasonably manageable order. Nearly 100 years later, the 30-year-old war will decimate the remaining resources on.

Here irritating to the question about bold historical speculation: it would also come to this terrible war, when Albrecht could not have done this in high offices? Or if Albrecht had acted decisively against Luther? Or what would happen next if Albrecht had converted his cousin as his territory into a secular principality and would have gone over to the Protestants?

.

What is the cousin of the same name in the Order Land Prussia? Grand Master Albrecht is even before the Order since 1511 but has the required fealty to his uncle King Sigismund I of Poland 1516 not yet paid. With bold excuses he can move all the scheduled dates for the trip to Krakow again and again. 1519-20 escalates the situation. Albrecht has secretly kept lookout for allies: with relatives in the German Empire, Scandinavia, and even Moscow, he studied-not very successful support for a pending passage of arms to the Polish feudal rule of the Order State finally shake off. Sigismund can deploy troops. It does have too many exhausting skirmishes that ultimately brought heavy losses for both parties and not only the question of power decided.

We agreed on a provisional Peace to 4 years between Prussia and Poland. In those years traveling around the Grand Master much to promote his business. One is interested but not particularly for the far Prussia. Luther's ideas generate unrest in the kingdom. The Grand Master meets secretly with him. Negotiations with the Polish king in Krakow take a surprising turn: 1525 there is a bold coup. The Grand Master makes the country under his orders a hereditary duchy. Now at last he makes his uncle in Poland fealty. The king can officially announced from Krakow, the Order had forfeited his right to the land since 1511 as it does not bother have to renew the feud. So he did in 1525, used his right of re-allocation. Prussia became Protestant, and in order to distance himself from the Order and the Pope as the former chief Lord.

Duke Albrecht marries 1526 the Danish princess Dorothea. From the male-dominated religious residence Konigsberg now a Fürstenhof with ladies and ladies, keep on the dynastic calculus introduced, but also representative self-expression through art, culture and science. The Reformation can develop here without hindrance and broadcasts in the neighboring country. Wise heads are promoted, schools and universities founded, printers established for Reformation writings. Although the Order sought against an imperial usurper in 1531 Albrecht night, but which is due to political instability by Luther and the princes of the empire facing it wirkunglos and consequences. Duke Albrecht is uncontested Prussia in his kingdom.

forms Over the years, the duke brought up a power-conscious elite, which wants to establish itself in influential court and administrative offices. In contrast to religious times than any commander who died was simply replaced by a new candidate, is now struggling for hereditary privileges. Duke Albrecht s wear down last years of rule by religious and political Squabbles. favorite Evangelical Protestant struggles between the direction of Albert shake Osiander and expelled from the country Mörlin the state: the majority of the clergy, supported by the people, it holds with Mörlin. The cities and the nobility also taking the party Mörlin because such a recognition of their former privileges, who hope to reach other, however, the restriction of the duke's violence on the ratio of the former Grand Master of his order. Almost the whole country is hostile to the prince, accused of favoring foreigners too much. In fact, the Croatian Adventurer and come to an alchemist Skalich temporarily unsuspected influence at court, before taking over crashes at night and fog with embezzled values to flight. The stands look for assistance in Poland. The Polish king and feudal lord of Prussia in 1566, a commission sent to Konigsberg, to restore order. The Duke's confessor Johann Funck, a son-in Osiander, and two allies are sentenced to death for treason, the detested by Albrecht Mörlin recalled and appointed bishop of Samland. New councils will be forced upon the Duke of the Polish Commission, in cooperation with the estates of Prussia. Albrecht is practically deprived of power. His will in which he shall appoint, among other things, the oldest with his daughter Anna Sophia married son Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg to succeed in Prussia-declared ineffective. He died on 20 March 1568 at Castle Tapiau deep despair at the age of 78 years, 16 hours dies after his death his second wife Anna Maria of Brunswick. The only surviving son, Albrecht Friedrich now an orphan is not yet 14 years old. The government of the duchy, remains for many years in the hands of the councils, which administer the country and its income in their favor (see also the story of Asmus Behring, who plays in the following decades ). Here, too, like one might speculate what would have been ... if? What would have happened if Duke Albrecht had completed Testament? Prussia and Mecklenburg develop into a great northern power, dynastic closely linked to Scandinavia?

is certain: both Albrechts have to accept the end of their lives bitter disappointments and the failure of their major life dreams.

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Local heritage books, convenient sources for family research in East Prussia

One or the other readers may wonder how it can succeed today, family history of East Prussia in such a profound and comprehensive to explore. I had not thought of, years ago, that there is so much source material for this region. The first is always a portion of luck. The first steps leading to the questions: Are there any church records for the region, there are still in the family have enough data to be able to connect to the parish register data, which often end in 1874, the beginning of the civil registry in Prussia, .

prerequisite for entry into the church books and then later in the files of leading research archives is a good knowledge of ancient writings, a good reading skills. But one can also have it easier. Some researchers have been completely written church records, already sorted by family name and as so-called local heritage books (OFB) published.

For some areas of my research I am fortunate to have access to such local heritage books. Only he who himself once fought for centuries by church records discretion, which means for facilitating the work. On the other hand can hardly imagine anyone who has not even troubled by sometimes difficult to decipher writings, what it means to write a book and the church centuries comprehensive many spelling variations of surnames, many of the often ambiguous entries to put in order and a reliable relationship.

Who wants to get an overview of the regions already exist for such local heritage books look, use this link:
www.plew.info / ofb_allgemein.htm

appear soon Patrick Plew the OFB Holy wood, which we eagerly await. Martin, my brother, the Holy KB forest by looking for a few years ago to find out about our genealogy SCHWEICHLER in bucket of lime and surrounding towns. But over the years Many new issues emerged, have many new loose ends that would require a re-entry into the KB - never mind the old questions that remained unanswered by the first search. We know that our ancestor Henry of SCHWICHEL acquired the property in bucket of lime in the parish of Holy wood 1542 and we know that it was almost 300 years in the family. There are many filiations to surrounding property and places that we do have knowledge, but often do not exactly know how they go together because the first years of the church book records are often so ambiguous and difficult security association.

addition, a research bring the Mormons in the films often unpleasant surprises: perhaps separated right and left side of the church records recorded on different films and there is no way to be in two places to work with both films. That is, can be found on the left side of a birth record with the name of the mother and father and date of baptism and right, only the sponsor and date of birth. Or the name of the father is left to find the name of the mother only the right and the rest of the information distributed at the discretion of the writer to the pages. If the pastor as the lines fall somewhat obliquely to the bottom right or otherwise can not write very straight, are errors in the assignment almost difficult to avoid.

All these difficulties and sources of error in opening up the handle of a parish church records to OFB by professionals and solved. As a researcher, you can now "reap the rewards of" comfortable, need not bother with horrible, barely readable type styles, with ink stains on the important names, with almost faded beyond recognition writings by water stains or incorrectly exposed film runny ink. Usually, it is usually always the first work before pleasure . OFB does away with one of the first part, it is pure pleasure . From my own Experience, I can only say that the output of the OFB is always worthwhile.

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The dispute over Steinbach

A well-known in Germany until a few years only "insiders" political fringe figure provides again in recent weeks for foreign policy headlines: Erika Steinbach, president of the Association of Displaced Persons (BDV). Should it now - or should not - be appointed to the Board of Trustees of the planned Centre Against Expulsions? Currently it looks as if Erika Steinbach their place in the Board of Trustees will not be able to take. Why?
Germany
The Commissioner of the Polish government, both within and beyond the Oder revered expert on Germany, Concentration camp survivor and former foreign minister Wladyslaw Bartoszewski dramatized, the debate on the Personnel Steinbach, threatened by early February with sanctions if the government authorizes a designation Steinbach. He told the Polish news agency PAP also an appeal Steinbach was a "political obscenity" and indulged in comparisons with Holocaust deniers. At 17:02:09 Bartoszewski was received by the Chancellor for a confidential conversation, and returned apparently calmed back to Warsaw.

SPD, FDP and Greens, and now were left - if not already in principle against - rather skeptical or critical of caution regarding the planned center to Expulsions and do now again open front against the candidacy of Erika Steinbach. Gesine Schwan, the Federal Commissioner for the German-Polish relations and would-be President candidate on the second attempt, had announced that she was going sure assume that the SPD accept the nomination of Ms Steinbach and not also the Chancellor sure the German not set-Polish relations through a nomination Steinbach risk will.

Claudia Roth, chairman of Alliance 90/The Greens, said: "It is a deliberate provocation if Erika Steinbach displaced from their federal government now officially on the Advisory Board the Federal Foundation, flight, expulsion, reconciliation nominate 'leaves. ... Chancellor Merkel may be ducking in this most important players, not again. The federal cabinet and particularly the Chancellor must make it clear quickly that Ms. Steinbach the Advisory Council on Foundation does not belong. The 70th Year of the German attack on Poland, we need a decent memory and real signals of reconciliation, not the pandering of ancient columns, the burden for many years, the relations with our Polish neighbors . "

The Chancellor will apparently currently no Steinbach's official decision on the appointment can be announced, while other voices in the CDU and CSU approval signal. The upcoming elections this year will be a colored or other political opinion or accordingly: rhetorical Platzhirschattitüden and take verbal male gorilla posturing - even among the females of the species homo politicus.

The Polish press Erika Steinbach has not only since the government of the Kaczynski twins Episode discovered as a hate figure. It has long been the most famous German ever in Poland. But most of all, when it was in the reign of Kaczynski's the danger from Germany hyped hysterically, the Polish press went with horror news and the front pages: Steinbach as the whip-wielding dominatrix in SS uniform on the ground crawling Chancellor Schroeder is just one glaring example among many. The Steinbach had to serve as a screen for all sorts of nightmares and fears of Polish-haters Germany and secured the unwanted circulation of Polish newspapers and magazines (which partly belong to the German Springer Group).

Bartoszewski had even share because Steinbach, which he once called a "blonde beast" in Poland now as a kind of enemy of the people is and has thrown the whole issue a shadow on the German-Polish relations. Since the government has now taken over Tusk took office in Poland, efforts are being made again to a "normal" relationship with Germany. But a "blond beast" highly stylized Erika Steinbach haunted sustained in Polish minds. Now you can not simply be business as usual and forget the Steinbach-story simple. The ghosts, which are directed do not yield easily to the change of government. Bartoszewski also in Poland come under pressure after he had accused representatives of veterans organizations, have shown his fate in World War II in his memoirs for the German reader market to dramatic than it was in reality. Last year he was booed at a veterans meeting. The enemy tried to Steinbach could be an effective trophy to meet their own reputation in Poland make. Tusk is in principle at the national conservatives in Poland to German friendly and can not afford it, therefore, reasonable in the Causa Steinbach act. He needs a abdicated Steinbach as evidence of his patriotism. In Poland, there is also argued that the government Tusk had removed all anti-German agitators from their bodies and boards of directors and therefore expects the same from the German side: the "elimination" of the alleged "sniper-maker" Steinbach on the German side - an absurd horse-trading.

In Germany, Erika Steinbach was little known in the general population. Only by Polish reactions now means a significant majority in Germany know who she is. Man thinks he knows, simply by assuming times when you hear from the Polish side so loud outcry, then it must already be a abysmally bad person, so something like an ultra right-Nazi heroine. Now we think of misquotes Polish papers just to know about them. Now seems to be a nightmarish ghost with the label "Erika Steinbach to haunt German heads.

Since the beginning of her tenure, Ms. Steinbach fought tenaciously for a Centre Against Expulsions, has consistently emphasized that to the pan-European Topic with regard to the causes and effects go. Reflexively say Polish and German politicians, strangely enough, also, there you go to a revanchist company with the attempt by the reversal of cause and effect of the expulsions. The successfully designed traveling exhibition on the subject of the Kaczynski government at the time concerned with wild allegations proved the opposite.

I add a comment by Afred de Zayas, published in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung on 02.28.2009:
As American observer of the debate on the "Foundation escape, displacement, reconciliation," I welcome the decision of the Bundestag, the memorial in Berlin . I regret, however, establish the Politicization of the debate. It's all about offering great injustice and the need for reflection, so that evictions do not happen in future. There is no disagreement on the history that the German expellees have suffered monstrous.

This was back in 1945 by General Eisenhower's adviser robes Murphy, Bertrand Russell, Victor Gollancz and Albert Schweitzer noted. The current discussion is below the belt, it means scorn and cruelty to the victims. The personal attacks on Erika Steinbach, as representative of the displaced shows how little some politicians and journalists in Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic have dealt with the importance of the expulsion of human rights.

The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Jose Ayala Lasso of Ecuador, said on 6 August 2005 in the ICC Berlin in the presence of CDU leader Angela Merkel and Erika Steinbach: "I support the idea of an international center to combat population shifts to set up, whose task is not only the documentation and investigation of expulsions in the past should be, but the aim is also to prevent future evictions anywhere in the world by conducting education and increase public awareness of the horrors caused by violent Population shifts caused by developing early warning strategies and supports the efforts of the United Nations in this area. "

both in war and in peace time are expulsion and deportation of international law. The Nuremberg Judgement is operated by the National Socialists" population transfer "clearly convicted. According to Art. 8 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court in 1998 apply to evictions as a war crime under Article 7 as a crime against humanity. Expulsion can be described as genocide, if it proved the intent of the distributors state, is an ethnic group, even partially . Zuvernichten This is also the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court in The Hague. If such is considered Srebrenica genocide, so might even larger massacre during the expulsion of the Germans will be classified as genocide. International law applies equally to all. Jurisprudence à la carte is a contradiction in terms.

In 2000, Erika Steinbach, Peter Glotz, the Foundation Center against Expulsions "in order to study all expulsions, to honor all the victims -. Glotz Unfortunately, not only the German is much too early Steinbach has died. the task with Reason and vision continued. It has already demonstrated its willingness to reconcile several times. If you want, think about whether this willingness in government circles of Poland or the Czech Republic continuously available. In the years 2006 and 2007 organized the Center has excellent traveling exhibition "Forced Paths", inspired by success in the history and of human rights.

Under the Nazi occupation was the peoples of Eastern and Central Europe's immense and unforgettable suffering inflicted. The Polish, Czech, Russian casualties were therefore entitled to restitution. However, legitimate claims can not be achieved through the imposition of collective punishment because of general discrimination and without the careful examination of personal debt. The expulsion of 14 million people at that time was a monstrosity. One would set off to belittle in any way. Human rights are based on the principle of equality of men. All victims of war and tyranny is to remember with reverence, because every single human life is sacred.

The Foundation escape, displacement, reconciliation "is a forum for rapprochement and understanding. But you also need honesty and historical willingness to openly and honestly talk. It is obvious that the German expellees must be represented in this foundation, without limitation, among others, through their elected representative, Mrs Steinbach. In contrast, the Foundation would be meaningless.

The writer teaches international law at the Geneva School of Diplomacy and is a member of the Advisory Board of the Foundation Center Against Expulsions.

Tonight, on 1 March 2009, Will be debated this issue in the discussion board for Anne. In the run you can already tell in a blog his opinion http://annewill.blog.ndr.de/2009/02/27/deutsch-polnischer-zoff/ . I wrote the following in it:

I turned 15 was born after the war and have been married for 10 years with a Polish partner. My parents are both from East Prussia. My mother has spent as a young girl up in 1948 in Russian forced labor.

My parents have turned away back in the 50s by the activities of the expellees, sought to find a flawless standard German pronunciation to be never spoken in public about their origins and try to model (West) Germans. They wanted to forget the traumatic events of her youth wanted to take the harsh exclusion in the West by the over-fitting top. How the integration of the refugees! I was born into a pristine West German existence, in the period before 1949 (when my mother came to the West) simply did not occur.

I have a few years ago my family history developed through intensive research in archives and finally feel more and more ground under their feet. Now I must, however, can hold up to critical (deutschen!) contemporaries, that a family-historical reference is now on Polish or Russian policy areas of concern.

In my Polish acquaintances saw the origin of my family simply as a fact. No one feels threatened by it. It is well known by the manipulative to distinguish propaganda in the Polish press and reality. It cares not about simple and lets the public think the politicians what they want.

appear Against this background, my political eggs dances to Ms. Steinbach and her center against expulsions simply absurd. The ghosts in the minds of Polish and German politicians have to mock battles and dissonances that have to do with the Realtiät nothing more. It uses the theme, on both sides of the Oder to pursue their own interests of power.

My parents still have subtle fears that they fear exclusion if you recognizes them as refugees. They are certainly not abused as pollack or Gypsies as they did in the 50s of last century, but want to defame not be of "real" Germans because of their origin as "eternal yesterday".

I think it is a first of the inside 'political problem of how in Germany with the delicate mood of the displaced handle problems. Repression, avoidance, defamation into a dangerous impasse, reveal their excesses in the political debate. Here the policy is the responsibility of finding a clear open mind. The realization of a Center against Expulsions could signal a domestic political be that displaced persons may feel really accepted in the West German Realtität. If for Erika Steinbach has to serve as a "scapegoat" to appease the ghosts in the minds on both sides of the Oder, I think it's deeply regrettable. Only w hen it the thing was really such a sacrifice would seem justified.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

We will see how the story developed. I am surprised that no one has come in the ongoing debate on the idea that a serious reappraisal of the expulsion debate could result in a corresponding center also lead to a more honest integration of the expellees and their descendants in Germany. Darin to see a threat to peace, I find absurd. As long as one among the victims and their descendants still have to worry about the call when one does not only behind closed doors at the family home terms, integration has not really succeeded.