mid-June of 1516 is in the Canzley of the Grand Master to Konigsberg, a letter to one of the most powerful men in the German Reich wrote on Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach , since 1513 Archbishop of Magdeburg and administrator of the diocese of Halberstadt, since 1514 Archbishop and reigning Elector of Mainz, 1518 and the cardinal's hat goes to him. At the same time he is entitled to the prima dignity and rights of an arch-chancellor in the kingdom. Albrecht of Brandenburg after the emperor of the most important man in the kingdom! Through the accumulation of offices united in his person, spiritual and temporal power in an unprecedented extent. If it were held today that a person like Prime Minister several provinces, also the chairman of the German Bishops Conference and Home Affairs of the Federal Government would today top managers in connection with the income, would get maybe an approximate idea of the importance of the power position of Archbishop Albrecht.
The sender of the letter to Archbishop Albrecht has the same advantages and "Family" name: it also means Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach and also faces a spiritual principality, the Order Land Prussia. The selected Grand Master "ruled" not for life for the Reich belonging religious country like a sovereign prince. He originally had no emperor or other princes about themselves, only the pope in Rome as a spiritual leader. The Grand Master has become lehensuntertan after the disastrous civil war in the Order Land Prussia 1453-1466 the Polish king and thus have its exclusive sovereignty over the princely since almost half smaller religious country lost.
Both writers and who, not only the same name but are also closely related to each other:
- Archbishop Albrecht is 6 years younger brother of the Elector of Brandenburg Joachim I Nestor in Berlin. It was 1490, the castle of Colln on the Spree to the world.
- Grand Master Albrecht comes from the Franconian branch of the House of Hohenzollern, was born in Ansbach in the same year (1490). Both Albrecht
are cousins and have a common grandfather Albrecht III. Achilles (1414-1486), Elector in Berlin and Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach. The fathers of both the Albrecht brothers
- John Cicero (1486-99), Elector of Brandenburg in Berlin and Residing
- Frederick II (1460-1536), Marggraf in Ansbach and Kulmbach.
Frederick II and his wife Sophia of Poland (daughter of King Casimir of Poland and Elisabeth von Habsburg ) 17 children, tried after the death of his brother's unsuccessful 1499-regency-claims on the elector's throne in Berlin in 1515 and will enforce because of its exceedingly expensive life style of two of his older sons in the Frankish Plassenburg ex jailed and. At the time, is the 8th Child out of that line, Albrecht, in for 4 years Grand Master of Konigsberg.
, From what occasion now the Prussian Order of the Grand Master Albrecht in the early summer of 1516, the cousin to write the same name? The event is one of our ancestors: Henry of Schwichell (ca. 1480-1545), the new cannon and bell founder of the Grand Master Albrecht! In a more than 20 inches thick, covered with embossed leather Folios are all outgoing letters of Konigsberg Canzley the year 1516 recorded in transcripts. The Tome is at the Berlin State Archive. On page 32 of the thick hand-written book, I find this text:
On Freyttag by Barnabas [a] s (. Barnabas = 11:06) Have the Hoff to Maigdburg is geschrb /
The sender of the letter to Archbishop Albrecht has the same advantages and "Family" name: it also means Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach and also faces a spiritual principality, the Order Land Prussia. The selected Grand Master "ruled" not for life for the Reich belonging religious country like a sovereign prince. He originally had no emperor or other princes about themselves, only the pope in Rome as a spiritual leader. The Grand Master has become lehensuntertan after the disastrous civil war in the Order Land Prussia 1453-1466 the Polish king and thus have its exclusive sovereignty over the princely since almost half smaller religious country lost.
Both writers and who, not only the same name but are also closely related to each other:
- Archbishop Albrecht is 6 years younger brother of the Elector of Brandenburg Joachim I Nestor in Berlin. It was 1490, the castle of Colln on the Spree to the world.
- Grand Master Albrecht comes from the Franconian branch of the House of Hohenzollern, was born in Ansbach in the same year (1490). Both Albrecht
are cousins and have a common grandfather Albrecht III. Achilles (1414-1486), Elector in Berlin and Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach. The fathers of both the Albrecht brothers
- John Cicero (1486-99), Elector of Brandenburg in Berlin and Residing
- Frederick II (1460-1536), Marggraf in Ansbach and Kulmbach.
Frederick II and his wife Sophia of Poland (daughter of King Casimir of Poland and Elisabeth von Habsburg ) 17 children, tried after the death of his brother's unsuccessful 1499-regency-claims on the elector's throne in Berlin in 1515 and will enforce because of its exceedingly expensive life style of two of his older sons in the Frankish Plassenburg ex jailed and. At the time, is the 8th Child out of that line, Albrecht, in for 4 years Grand Master of Konigsberg.
, From what occasion now the Prussian Order of the Grand Master Albrecht in the early summer of 1516, the cousin to write the same name? The event is one of our ancestors: Henry of Schwichell (ca. 1480-1545), the new cannon and bell founder of the Grand Master Albrecht! In a more than 20 inches thick, covered with embossed leather Folios are all outgoing letters of Konigsberg Canzley the year 1516 recorded in transcripts. The Tome is at the Berlin State Archive. On page 32 of the thick hand-written book, I find this text:
On Freyttag by Barnabas [a] s (. Barnabas = 11:06) Have the Hoff to Maigdburg is geschrb /
... We report our Buxen master and founder, dear and faithful Hainrich of Schwichell, such as I / L / [ Your Lordship ] Ettlich bell [,] consider writing to gefallenn a large [,] lassenn in will pour in, where the alßo is to your loved UNSS friendly Bethe, sameness would Nyman anderst dan [n] Büxsengießer UNSS vergonnen such arbait then pour from vorhofft and had also become so pour me büxsen bell and [,] and wanted enough samlich among us prove [,] that I [h] me the happiness God Darzu also verleyhen Werdt [,] E / L wool / us on this Wilffarn we Sendt In vertrawen he Werdt love your erstheunen beheglich also follows that we wanted our diesel (b) E / L earning / freuntlich Please Hieruff E / L anthwort / yet ( ?) us
In the fall of 1514 is Heinrich von Schwichell of Livonia from the services of the District Master of the Order of the Baltic territory to Kaliningrad, and has been recommended for his new employer in Prussia successful first bell cast (... willing and sufficiently among us ... it proves your love Werdt also follows beheglich erstheunen ). Grand Master Albrecht takes him 1515 in service to life: one could say he is now tenured. 1516 it is apparently no current Gießaufträge in the Order Land Prussia. Henry will be the Archdiocese of Magdeburg "borrowed". Perhaps hoping Heinrich also has another career move in such a influential client.
On 10 July 1516 can respond to Archbishop Albert Koenigsberg:
Our fruntliche dinner and what we are capable of Lieb and guts alzeit, Erwirdiger and exalted princes fruntlicher dear cousin / Your Lordship write because of the book must coater Henry of Sweichel we sampt beg your Lordship [s], bekomen, and knowledge of Keynes bell we bedurffen intent can be cast, to have, hirinnt isd not work because of the negotiations among us, but it is our ettwann Capittel willing to Magdeburg Gewest WOL can pour a large bell, but if s Darzu gesynnet or not we do not know how the nu one furdgang bey have ynen was Wollenn Intentions to el fruntschafft and we liked the diesse be communicated to the best impression, then el fruntliche dinste and willefarung zuerzeigen, we are inclined to shut his alzeitt [.] Dan Hall to uff Sanct Moritzburg to donnstags Kiliani anno XVI
Albrecht of anspach Ertzbischoff of Magdeburg and Meintz Primate unnd Churfurst, Administrator of the Stifft to Halberstadt, Marggrawe to Brandenburg to Szczecin Pomern u Herzog Burggwe to Norembg and furst to Rugenn
The founder Henry Schwichel of time being remains in Prussia. In this letter, indicated for the first time the Upper German sound shift from the Low German name actually Schwichel: in Magdeburg you spell "Sweichel ( see also the story of the bell-founder Henry of Schwichel ).
we take these references as a signal to the person of Archbishop Albrecht and until the present day into acting consequences of his work to turn:
Albrecht sought in his youth by a high reputation and maintains an on external pomp and pageantry part of life that exceeds its appanage far. This leads to arguments with his brother, the reigning Elector of Brandenburg. Albrecht's pending acquisition of impressive offices and taste again a lot of money, which overwhelmed the coffers of the Principality of Brandenburg Chur. The Pope in Rome can be granted by him in any position to pay well. The actual undue accumulation of offices, which actually has not reached the necessary age for these high positions each require a special dispensation (Exemption), which drives the required sum of Rome continued in the air. The Pope at first a little sheet, approved in 1514 but still. The Fugger organize the missing sums. Thus Rome comes to his allowance, Albrecht allow the sale of indulgences in his new archdioceses. The sale of indulgences, the faithful should take the burden of sin is of the Medici Pope Leo X. to finance the new St. Peter's needed. It was customary that the respective bishop gets 50% of the proceeds from the sale of indulgences in his diocese and to flow the other 50% directly to Rome. Albrecht, however, has nothing like this, for which he is entitled to 50% immediately by the representatives of the Fugger pocketed to repay the loan (it is called a sum of 38,000 florins - the annual salary of a professor at this time is about 100 guilders).
The rest of the story is well known in broad outline: Johann Tetzel reigns of his duties in the archdiocese of Magdeburg, intimidating the people through a hell sermons to hand out plenty of drainage from face value. The theology professor and Augustinian monk Luther in Wittenberg cooks thereat the bile and in 1517 he formulated his famous theses.
In the fall of 1514 is Heinrich von Schwichell of Livonia from the services of the District Master of the Order of the Baltic territory to Kaliningrad, and has been recommended for his new employer in Prussia successful first bell cast (... willing and sufficiently among us ... it proves your love Werdt also follows beheglich erstheunen ). Grand Master Albrecht takes him 1515 in service to life: one could say he is now tenured. 1516 it is apparently no current Gießaufträge in the Order Land Prussia. Henry will be the Archdiocese of Magdeburg "borrowed". Perhaps hoping Heinrich also has another career move in such a influential client.
On 10 July 1516 can respond to Archbishop Albert Koenigsberg:
Our fruntliche dinner and what we are capable of Lieb and guts alzeit, Erwirdiger and exalted princes fruntlicher dear cousin / Your Lordship write because of the book must coater Henry of Sweichel we sampt beg your Lordship [s], bekomen, and knowledge of Keynes bell we bedurffen intent can be cast, to have, hirinnt isd not work because of the negotiations among us, but it is our ettwann Capittel willing to Magdeburg Gewest WOL can pour a large bell, but if s Darzu gesynnet or not we do not know how the nu one furdgang bey have ynen was Wollenn Intentions to el fruntschafft and we liked the diesse be communicated to the best impression, then el fruntliche dinste and willefarung zuerzeigen, we are inclined to shut his alzeitt [.] Dan Hall to uff Sanct Moritzburg to donnstags Kiliani anno XVI
Albrecht of anspach Ertzbischoff of Magdeburg and Meintz Primate unnd Churfurst, Administrator of the Stifft to Halberstadt, Marggrawe to Brandenburg to Szczecin Pomern u Herzog Burggwe to Norembg and furst to Rugenn
The founder Henry Schwichel of time being remains in Prussia. In this letter, indicated for the first time the Upper German sound shift from the Low German name actually Schwichel: in Magdeburg you spell "Sweichel ( see also the story of the bell-founder Henry of Schwichel ).
we take these references as a signal to the person of Archbishop Albrecht and until the present day into acting consequences of his work to turn:
Albrecht sought in his youth by a high reputation and maintains an on external pomp and pageantry part of life that exceeds its appanage far. This leads to arguments with his brother, the reigning Elector of Brandenburg. Albrecht's pending acquisition of impressive offices and taste again a lot of money, which overwhelmed the coffers of the Principality of Brandenburg Chur. The Pope in Rome can be granted by him in any position to pay well. The actual undue accumulation of offices, which actually has not reached the necessary age for these high positions each require a special dispensation (Exemption), which drives the required sum of Rome continued in the air. The Pope at first a little sheet, approved in 1514 but still. The Fugger organize the missing sums. Thus Rome comes to his allowance, Albrecht allow the sale of indulgences in his new archdioceses. The sale of indulgences, the faithful should take the burden of sin is of the Medici Pope Leo X. to finance the new St. Peter's needed. It was customary that the respective bishop gets 50% of the proceeds from the sale of indulgences in his diocese and to flow the other 50% directly to Rome. Albrecht, however, has nothing like this, for which he is entitled to 50% immediately by the representatives of the Fugger pocketed to repay the loan (it is called a sum of 38,000 florins - the annual salary of a professor at this time is about 100 guilders). The rest of the story is well known in broad outline: Johann Tetzel reigns of his duties in the archdiocese of Magdeburg, intimidating the people through a hell sermons to hand out plenty of drainage from face value. The theology professor and Augustinian monk Luther in Wittenberg cooks thereat the bile and in 1517 he formulated his famous theses.
Less well known is the behavior Archbishop Albrecht in this story might almost assume that he must have worked hard to get the uncomfortable silence Luther. The opposite is the case. Albrecht basks in the reputation like to be an educated humanist and peace-loving Christian who stands with all the leading spirits of his time in contact, promotes science and loves the arts. He gives himself the appearance of being willing to reform. What he would do well at the Curia in Rome a good impression. So he washed long time with words to calm Luther, by suggesting that his ideas are not so unreasonable, Tetzel brakes when he proceeds too violently silenced Rome when then rigid measures threatened against the heretical Protestants. Luther complains further to the Roman Church and polemic mercilessly, but leaves Archbishop Albrecht largely sidelined since long he cherishes the hope of him on his side (or because he stopped by royal side for political reasons for moderation). A breathtaking splendor in his residence hall tried the Renaissance Prince Albert the
spread of the Reformation to oppose something - or does he only cement his reputation as Primate Germania? The workshop of Lucas Cranach in Wittenberg from 1520-25 produced a series of paintings with more than 140 works alone Albrechts collegiate and future lay in grave hall. In addition, this representative church with precious treasures meter, relics, tapestries and religious vestments will be equipped. For every occasion to every high church festival is redecorated, the respective image of wings of the altar opened (there were 16! Altars) to celebrate the solemn prayers in an impressive way. The finest and most expensive materials of the known world to be imported, then embroidered by local artisans with pearls and precious stones, to dress the high ecclesiastical dignitaries or holy images for exhibitions or as a representative canopies, altar cloths and tapestries to delight the eye. The collection of relics of all the saints surpasses anything ever seen before. The Moritzburg in Halle will be expanded into a prestigious residence. Archbishop Albert exhausted his credit line without any regard is increasing. The best goldsmiths produce constantly new reliquaries, Monstrance, Processional, crooks, pyx, holy images and ... and ... and. On his own portrait looks a little disgruntled Archbishop Albrecht often obese, with 15 - 20 jewel sparkling rings on his fingers. Or it can be painted as a saint (eg hl.Martin above). He is told to mistresses and art historians show today which of the female saints are in fact portraits of his courtesans. He has no mental-spiritual, but also omitted any physical and bodily pleasures. Albrecht is not being plagued by ascetic desires. Unbridled ostentation, pomp and luxury self-representation to the extreme, almost manic'll discuss the contest for the most precious things in the known world, it seems to drive tragically - and drives it along with the almighty Roman Catholic Church to the brink of ruin. 
Archbishop Albrecht is indeed on its title's second most powerful man in the empire, seems not have had the force required to emboss those crucial time of change. He wanted to please everyone, be respected by all. As a humanist he is afraid to deliver the Lutheran Church of Rome to the knife and has the reformer through his influence the lives saved (or recorded time, possibly even more often), but this makes the schism. At times he thinks about it to his cousin to do the same in Prussia and to convert its territory into a secular principality. He stops, however, returned to the political dangers. As more and more sovereigns to Luther's side, and the Roman apostasy, his position is faltering and he takes hesitating countermeasures (Protestants: Schmalkalden shear collar; Albrecht: Hallescher Confederation). Tragically, more and more doubts about his credibility, Albrecht extraordinary works of art must rank shamefully mortgage melt down or even because of the precious metal value can be profane. He loses the city of Magdeburg to the Protestants. He leaves his Hoffinancier the highest financial distress to make the process and pleadings in confiscation of his assets at death, what the disappointed Luther is at last an opportunity to publish one of his worst polemics against Albrecht. 1539-40 as Albrecht's nephew, the new sovereign Elector of Brandenburg Joachim II Hektor the Protestants occurs and the good Catholic Elector of Saxony Georg dies as a secular ruler of Albrecht's residence hall, can not hold in Albert Hall. The market town tends to have more faith Luther, Albrecht has been able to suppress any attempts at conversion. 1541 Albrecht must leave his beloved hall and embarks on its second archbishopric of Mainz, to take residence in Aschaffenburg - in the luggage anything that is not nailed down and. The magnificent abbey church in Halle, which was supposed to be once Albrechts launch pad into the highest ranks of heavenly realms, is cleared, the library packed with many precious volumes, the Holy Relics have to go on the trip, which is empty Moritzburg. All the pomp and glory, if they have not sold or pledged disappears-to Aschaffenburg and Mainz. In ongoing budget disputes with its local Domcapitel Archbishop Albrecht died in 1545 embittered and disappointed, was buried in Mainz Cathedral and leaves an astronomical debt. The Domcapitel in Mainz will have to sell many of Albrecht's art treasures and relics, to bring the parlous finances in a reasonably manageable order. Nearly 100 years later, the 30-year-old war will decimate the remaining resources on. .
What is the cousin of the same name in the Order Land Prussia? Grand Master Albrecht is even before the Order since 1511 but has the required fealty to his uncle King Sigismund I of Poland 1516 not yet paid. With bold excuses he can move all the scheduled dates for the trip to Krakow again and again. 1519-20 escalates the situation. Albrecht has secretly kept lookout for allies: with relatives in the German Empire, Scandinavia, and even Moscow, he studied-not very successful support for a pending passage of arms to the Polish feudal rule of the Order State finally shake off. Sigismund can deploy troops. It does have too many exhausting skirmishes that ultimately brought heavy losses for both parties and not only the question of power decided.
We agreed on a provisional Peace to 4 years between Prussia and Poland. In those years traveling around the Grand Master much to promote his business. One is interested but not particularly for the far Prussia. Luther's ideas generate unrest in the kingdom. The Grand Master meets secretly with him. Negotiations with the Polish king in Krakow take a surprising turn: 1525 there is a bold coup. The Grand Master makes the country under his orders a hereditary duchy. Now at last he makes his uncle in Poland fealty. The king can officially announced from Krakow, the Order had forfeited his right to the land since 1511 as it does not bother have to renew the feud. So he did in 1525, used his right of re-allocation. Prussia became Protestant, and in order to distance himself from the Order and the Pope as the former chief Lord.
Duke Albrecht marries 1526 the Danish princess Dorothea. From the male-dominated religious residence Konigsberg now a Fürstenhof with ladies and ladies, keep on the dynastic calculus introduced, but also representative self-expression through art, culture and science. The Reformation can develop here without hindrance and broadcasts in the neighboring country. Wise heads are promoted, schools and universities founded, printers established for Reformation writings. Although the Order sought against an imperial usurper in 1531 Albrecht night, but which is due to political instability by Luther and the princes of the empire facing it wirkunglos and consequences. Duke Albrecht is uncontested Prussia in his kingdom.
We agreed on a provisional Peace to 4 years between Prussia and Poland. In those years traveling around the Grand Master much to promote his business. One is interested but not particularly for the far Prussia. Luther's ideas generate unrest in the kingdom. The Grand Master meets secretly with him. Negotiations with the Polish king in Krakow take a surprising turn: 1525 there is a bold coup. The Grand Master makes the country under his orders a hereditary duchy. Now at last he makes his uncle in Poland fealty. The king can officially announced from Krakow, the Order had forfeited his right to the land since 1511 as it does not bother have to renew the feud. So he did in 1525, used his right of re-allocation. Prussia became Protestant, and in order to distance himself from the Order and the Pope as the former chief Lord.
Duke Albrecht marries 1526 the Danish princess Dorothea. From the male-dominated religious residence Konigsberg now a Fürstenhof with ladies and ladies, keep on the dynastic calculus introduced, but also representative self-expression through art, culture and science. The Reformation can develop here without hindrance and broadcasts in the neighboring country. Wise heads are promoted, schools and universities founded, printers established for Reformation writings. Although the Order sought against an imperial usurper in 1531 Albrecht night, but which is due to political instability by Luther and the princes of the empire facing it wirkunglos and consequences. Duke Albrecht is uncontested Prussia in his kingdom.
forms Over the years, the duke brought up a power-conscious elite, which wants to establish itself in influential court and administrative offices. In contrast to religious times than any commander who died was simply replaced by a new candidate, is now struggling for hereditary privileges. Duke Albrecht s wear down last years of rule by religious and political Squabbles. favorite Evangelical Protestant struggles between the direction of Albert shake Osiander and expelled from the country Mörlin the state: the majority of the clergy, supported by the people, it holds with Mörlin. The cities and the nobility also taking the party Mörlin because such a recognition of their former privileges, who hope to reach other, however, the restriction of the duke's violence on the ratio of the former Grand Master of his order. Almost the whole country is hostile to the prince, accused of favoring foreigners too much. In fact, the Croatian Adventurer and come to an alchemist Skalich temporarily unsuspected influence at court, before taking over crashes at night and fog with embezzled values to flight. The stands look for assistance in Poland. The Polish king and feudal lord of Prussia in 1566, a commission sent to Konigsberg, to restore order. The Duke's confessor Johann Funck, a son-in Osiander, and two allies are sentenced to death for treason, the detested by Albrecht Mörlin recalled and appointed bishop of
Samland. New councils will be forced upon the Duke of the Polish Commission, in cooperation with the estates of Prussia. Albrecht is practically deprived of power. His will in which he shall appoint, among other things, the oldest with his daughter Anna Sophia married son Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg to succeed in Prussia-declared ineffective. He died on 20 March 1568 at Castle Tapiau deep despair at the age of 78 years, 16 hours dies after his death his second wife Anna Maria of Brunswick. The only surviving son, Albrecht Friedrich now an orphan is not yet 14 years old. The government of the duchy, remains for many years in the hands of the councils, which administer the country and its income in their favor (see also the story of Asmus Behring, who plays in the following decades ). Here, too, like one might speculate what would have been ... if? What would have happened if Duke Albrecht had completed Testament? Prussia and Mecklenburg develop into a great northern power, dynastic closely linked to Scandinavia? is certain: both Albrechts have to accept the end of their lives bitter disappointments and the failure of their major life dreams.
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